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F7 paragraph &Regular Ctrl+Space regular &Bold Ctrl+B &Italic Ctrl+I italic &Underline Ctrl+U underline Stri&keout Ctrl+K strikeout Superscrip&t/Subscript superscriptSubscript &Normal Script normalscript Su&bscript Ctrl+L subscript Su&perscript Ctrl+Shift+L superscript &Show Hotwords F9 showhotwords &Page &Next Alt+Right &Previous Alt+Left previous &First Alt+Up first &Last Alt+Down &Back Shift+F2 &History... Ctrl+F2 history N&ew Page Ctrl+N newpage &Help &Contents F1 contents Status &Bar F12 statusbar Status &Bar F12 statusb :HDMEDIAPATH Courier New System .'+ +F .'+ +F .'+ +F .'+ +F .'+ +F polygon button Show Map mouseEnter .'+ +F mouseLeave >= "Show Map" o= 17 o= 18 >= "Flag" o= 18 >= "I_" o= 44 o= 44 Terror Groups 1 15 May Organization title 15 May Organization Description Formed in 1979 from remnants of Wadi Haddad's Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-Special Operations Group (PFLP-SOG). Led by Muhammad al-Umari, who is known throughout Palestinian circles as Abu Ibrahim or the bomb man. Group was never part of PLO. Reportedly disbanded in the mid-1980s when several key members joined Colonel Hawari's Special Operations Group of Fatah. Activities Claimed responsibility for several bombings in the early-to-middle 1980s, including hotel bombing in London (1980), El Al's Rome and Istanbul offices (1981), and Israeli Embassies in Athens and Vienna (1981). Anti-US attacks include an attempted bombing of a Pan Am airliner in Rio de Janeiro and a bombing on board a Pan Am flight from Tokyo to Honolulu in August 1982. (The accused bomber in this last attack, Mohammed Rashid, is currently awaiting trial in the United States for the bombing, which killed a Japanese teenager.) Strength 50 to 60 in early 1980s. Location/Area of Operation Baghdad until 1984. Before disbanding, operated in Middle East, Europe, and East Asia. Abu Ibrahim is reportedly in Iraq. External Aid Probably received logistic and financial support from Iraq until 1984. SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JANUARY, 1980: KILLED A 22 YEAR OLD ARAB STUDENT AND WOUNDED A GERMAN NATIONAL IN A BOMBING OF THE MOUNT ROYAL HOTEL IN LONDON. MAY, 1981: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE OUTSIDE THE ROME OFFICE OF EL AL AIRLINES. AUGUST, 1981: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE NEAR THE EL AL OFFICE AT LEONARDO DA VINCI AIRPORT IN ROME. AUGUST, 1981: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE NEAR THE EMBASSY OF ISRAEL IN ATHENS. JANUARY, 1982: KILLED ONE CHILD AND WOUNDED 46 PERSONS IN THE BOMBING OF A JEWISH RESTAURANT IN WEST BERLIN. AUGUST, 1982: KILLED ONE PERSON AND INJURED FOURTEEN WITH A TIME-DELAY EXPLOSIVE DEVICE THAT DETONATED ON A PAN AMERICAN AIRCRAFT SHORTLY BEFORE IT LANDED IN HAWAII. DECEMBER, 1983: ATTEMPTED TO BLOW UP THREE AIRLINERS IN FLIGHT. EXPLOSIVE DEVICES WERE DISCOVERED ABOARD TWO ISRAEL-BOUND FLIGHTS AND A SUITCASE BOMB WAS DISCOVERED PRIOR TO BEING LOADED ABOARD A ROME-NEW YORK FLIGHT. JANUARY, 1984: ATTEMPTED TO BLOW UP AN EL AL FLIGHT FROM TEL AVIV TO ATHENS WITH A SUITCASE BOMB. THE ATTEMPT FAILED DUE TO A TECHNICAL MALFUNCTION IN THE DEVICE. OCTOBER, 1985: ITALIAN POLICE ARRESTED TWO MEMBERS OF MAY 15 AND SEIZED DEVICES FOR USE IN ATTACKS ON AMERICAN EXPRESS AND THE AMERICAN EMBASSY IN ROME. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Interface Image Notes Previous buttonClick TO HANDLE buttonClick --{Go buttonClick TO HANDLE buttonClick --{Go Print .'+ + Notes buttonClick buttonClick 1440,1440,1440,1440 360,360 printerScaling custom "Notes" 12000 printerSize printerLabelWidth Terror Groups 2 Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) title Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) aka: Fatah Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Black September, Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims. Description International terrorist organization led by Sabri al-Banna. Split from PLO in 1974. Made up of various functional committees, including political, military, and financial. Activities Has carried out over 90 terrorist attacks since 1974 in 20 countries, killing or injuring almost 900 people. Targets the united States, the United Kingdom, France, Israel, moderate Palestinians, the PLO, and various Arab countries, depending on which state is sponsoring it at the time. Major attacks include Rome and Vienna airports in December 1985, the Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul, the Pan Am Flight 73 hijacking in Karachi in September 1986, and The City of Poros day-excursion ship attack in July 1988 in Greece. Suspected of carrying out assassination on 14 January 1991 in Tunis of PLO deputy chief Abu Iyad and PLO security chief Abu Hul. ANO members also attacked and seriously wounded a senior ANO dissident in Algeria in March 1990. Strength Several hundred plus "militial" in Lebanon and overseas support structure. Location/Area of Operation Headquartered in Iraq (1974-83) and Syria (1983-87); currently headquartered in Libya with substantial presence in Lebanon (in the Bekaa Valley and several Palestinian refugee camps in coastal areas of Lebanon). Also has presence in Algeria. Has demonstrated ability to operate over wide area, including Middle East, Asia, and Europe. External Aid Has received considerable support, including safehaven, training, logistic assistance, and financial aid from Iraq and Syria (until 1987); continues to receive aid from Libya, in addition to close support for selected operations. Also has a presence in Sudan. SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY SEPTEMBER, 1973 - WHILE STILL AFFILIATED WITH FATAH, ABU NIDAL MOUNTED AN OPERATION, SEIZING THE EMBASSY OF SAUDI ARABIA IN PARIS, AND DEMANDING THE RELEASE OF ABU DAWUD, A FATAH TERRORIST BEING HELD IN JORDAN. OCTOBER, 1974: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF FATAH OFFICIAL ABU MAZIM. ABU NIDAL WAS SENTENCED TO DEATH IN ABSENTIA BY FATAH FOR THIS ATTEMPT. SEPTEMBER, 1976: ATTACK AND TAKEOVER OF THE SEMIRAMIS HOTEL IN DAMASCUS OCTOBER, 1976: ATTACKS ON SYRIAN EMBASSIES IN ISLAMABAD AND ROME. NOVEMBER, 1976: ATTACK ON THE INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL IN AMMAN. DECEMBER, 1976: FAILED ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST SYRIAN FORTEIGN MINISTER IN DAMASCUS. OCTOBER, 1977: ANOTHER FAILED ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE THE SYRIAN FOREIGN MINISTER, THIS TIME IN ABU DHABI. THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES MINISTER OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS WAS KILLED. AUGUST, 1978: ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF THE PLO IN PAKISTAN. JULY, 1980: ATTACK ON THE CHILDREN OF A JEWISH SCHOOL IN ANTWERP. JULY, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE ISRAELI COMMERCIAL ATTACHE IN BRUSSELS. MAY, 1981: MURDERED A VIENNA CITY COUNCILMAN AND THREATENED TO KILL AUSTRIAN CHANCELLOR KREISKY. AUGUST, 1981: MACHINEGUNNED A VIENNA SYNAGOGUE, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING SEVENTEEN PEOPLE. JUNE, 1982: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF SHLOMO ARGOV, ISRAELI AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED KINGDOM. JUNE, 1982: MURDERED A PLO OFFICIAL IN ROME WITH A CAR BOMB. AUGUST, 1982: ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) CONSUL IN BOMBAY. SEPTEMBER, 1982: ASSASSINATED A KUWAITI DIPLOMAT IN MADRID. OCTOBER, 1982: KILLED ONE CHILD AND INJURED TEN PEOPLE IN A GRENADE AND MACHINE-GUN ATTACK ON A SYNAGOGUE IN ROME. APRIL, 1983: MURDERED PLO OFFICIAL ISSAM SARTAWI AT THE SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN LISBON. OCTOBER, 1983: ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO ITALY IN ROME. OCTOBER, 1983: SEVERELY WOUNDED THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO INDIA IN NEW DELHI. NOVEMBER, 1983: ATTACKED SECURITY GUARDS ASSIGNED TO THE JORDANIAN EMBASSY IN ATHENS, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING ANOTHER. DECEMBER, 1983: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE FRENCH CULTURAL CENTER IN IZMIR, TURKEY. FEBRUARY, 1984: IMPLICATED IN THE PARIS MURDER OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AMBASSADOR TO FRANCE. MARCH, 1984: ASSASSINATED A BRITISH DIPLOMAT IN ATHENS. NOVEMBER, 1984: ASSASSINATED THE BRITISH HIGH COMMISSIONER IN BOMBAY, INDIA. DECEMBER, 1984: MURDERED ARAFAT SUPPORTER ISMAIL DARWISH IN ROME. MARCH, 1985: KIDNAPPED BRITISH JOURNALIST ALEC COLLETT IN BEIRUT; COLLETT WAS REPORTED TO HAVE BEEN MURDERED ONE YEAR LATER, BUT INFORMATION IS INCONCLUSIVE. MARCH, 1985: ATTACKED THE ROME OFFICES OF ALIA, THE ROYAL JORDANIAN AIRLINES, WOUNDING THREE PEOPLE. ALSO BELIEVED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON ALIA OFFICES IN ATHENS AND NICOSIA. APRIL, 1985: FIRED A ROCKET AT AN ALIA AIRLINER AS IT TOOK OFF FROM ATHENS AIRPORT. ALTHOUGH THE ROCKET DID NOT DETONATE, IT LEFT A HOLE IN THE FUSELAGE. JULY, 1985: BOMBED THE BRITISH AIRWAYS OFFICE IN MADRID, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING TWENTY SEVEN. FIVE MINUTES LATER ATTACKED THE MADRID OFFICES OF ALIA, TWO BLOCKS AWAY, WOUNDING TWO PERSONS. SEPTEMBER, 1985: GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST THE CAFE DE PARIS IN ROME, WOUNDING THIRTY EIGHT PEOPLE. SEPTEMBER, 1985: HIJACKED AN EGYPTIAN AIRLINER TO MALTA, WHERE SIXTY PEOPLE WERE KILLED DURING A RESCUE ATTEMPT BY EGYPTIAN FORCES. DECEMBER, 1985: ATTACKED THE AIRPORTS AT ROME AND VIENNA, KILLING SIXTEEN AND WOUNDING SCORES. CLAIMED BY THE CELLS OF THE ARAB FEDAYEEN. SEPTEMBER, 1986: ATTEMPTED HIJACKING OF PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT #73 AT KARACHI, KILLING TWENTY TWO PERSONS. SEPTEMBER, 1986: LESS THAN TWENTY FOUR HOURS AFTER THE KARACHI ATTACK, ANO OPERATIVES ATTACKED THE NEVE SHALOM SYNAGOGUE IN ISTANBUL, KILLING MORE THAN TWENTY WORSHIPPERS. JULY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A RESTAURANT ON THE WEST BANK OF THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES, WOUNDING FIFTEEN. NOVEMBER, 1987: CLAIMED TO HAVE SEIZED A YACHT OFF THE COAST OF ISRAEL AND TAKEN ITS EIGHT OCCUPANTS HOSTAGE. MARCH, 1988: A LONE GUNMAN ATTACKED AN ALITALIA AIRLINES CREW ABOARD A COMMUTER BUS IN BOMBAY, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING THE CREW CAPTAIN. MAY, 1988: IN KHARTOUM, SUDAN, ANO OPERATIVES KILLED EIGHT AND WOUNDED TWENTY ONE IN SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON THE ACROPOLE HOTEL AND THE SUDAN CLUB. JULY, 1988: FOLLOWING THE PREMATURE DETONATION OF A CAR BOMB AT AN ATHENS PIER, IN WHICH TWO ANO OPERATIVES WERE KILLED, ANO GUNMEN ABOARD THE DAY CRUISE SHIP "CITY OF POROS" ATTACKED THE PASSENGERS, KILLING NINE AND WOUNDING NINETY EIGHT. JANUARY, 1991: ABU IYAD, CONSIDERED THE SECOND MOST SENIOR OFFICIAL OF FATAH AFTER YASSIR ARAFAT; AND ABU HUL, COMMANDER OF THE WESTERN SECTOR FORCES OF FATAH, WERE ASSASSINATED BY AN ABU NIDAL OPERATIVE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 3 Al-Fatah title Al-Fatah aka: Al-'Asifa. Description Headed by Yasser Arafat, Fatah joined the PLO in 1968 and won the leadership role in 1969. Its commanders were expelled from Jordan following violent confrontations with Jordanian forces during the period 1970-71, beginning with Black September in 1970. The Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 led to the group's dispersal to several Middle Eastern countries, including Tunisia, Yemen, Algeria, Iraq, and others. Maintains several military and intelligence wings that have carried out terrorist attacks, including Force 17 and the Western Sector. Two of its leaders, Abu Jihad and Abu Iyad, were assassinated in recent years. Activities In the 1960s and the 1970s, Fatah offered training to a wide range of European, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African terrorist and insurgent groups. Carried out numerous acts of international terrorism in western Europe and the Middle East in the early-tomiddle 1970s. Arafat signed the Declaration of Principles (DOP) with Israel in 1993 and renounced terrorism and violence. There has been no authorized terrorist operation since that time. Strength 6,000 to 8,000 Location/Area of Operation Headquartered in Tunisis, with bases in Lebanon and other Middle Eastern countries. External Aid Has had close political and financial ties to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other moderate Gulf states. These relations were disrupted by the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. Also had links to Jordan. Received weapons, explosives, and training from the former USSR and the former Communist regimes of East European states. China and North Korea have reportedly provided some weapons. SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY NOTE: MANY OF THE INCIDENTS RELATED BELOW WERE CARRIED OUT AND IN MANY CASES CLAIMED BY COVERT FATAH SURROGATES, SUCH AS BLACK SEPTEMBER, FORCE 17, THE HAWARI GROUP, ETC. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- MARCH, 1971: A FIVE MAN FATAH TEAM DESTROYED FUEL TANKS AT THE OIL DOCK FACILITIES IN ROTTERDAM. JULY, 1971: ATTACKED AN ALIA (ROYAL JORDANIAN AIRLINES) OFFICE IN ROME. JULY, 1971: ATTACKED AN ALIA PLANE AT CAIRO. AUGUST, 1971: HIJACKED AN ALIA FLIGHT TO ALGERIA. SEPTEMBER, 1971: ATTEMPTED HIJACKING OF AN ALIA FLIGHT FROM BEIRUT TO CAIRO. NOVEMBER, 1971: ASSASSINATED THE JORDANIAN PRIME MINISTER, WASFI EL-TAL, IN CAIRO. CLAIMED BY BLACK SEPTEMBER. DECEMBER, 1971: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED KINGDOM IN LONDON. FEBRUARY, 1972: ASSASSINATED FIVE PALESTINIANS AND ONE JORDANIAN IN WEST GERMANY. MARCH, 1972: ATTEMPTED ATTACK AGAINST THE LONDON RESIDENCE OF JORDAN'S KING HUSSEIN. SEPTEMBER, 1972: EIGHT BLACK SEPTEMBER TERRORISTS SEIZED THE DORMITORY OF ISRAELI ATHLETES AT THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE IN MUNICH. WHEN THE INCIDENT WAS EVENTUALLY RESOLVED, ELEVEN ISRAELI ATHLETES AND COACHES WERE DEAD, A GERMAN POLICEMAN WAS DEAD, FIVE TERRORISTS HAD BEEN KILLED, AND THREE CAPTURED. THE ARRESTED TERRORISTS WERE SUBSEQUENTLY RELEASED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY FOLLOWING A LUFTHANSA HIJACKING IN OCTOBER, 1972. SEPTEMBER, 1972: SENT LETTER BOMBS FROM AMSTERDAM TO ISRAEL AND TO ISRAELI EMBASSIES AND CONSULATES IN PARIS, GENEVA, MONTREAL, VIENNA, OTTAWA, BRUSSELS, KINSHASA, BUENOS AIRES, AND WASHINGTON. NOVEMBER, 1972: ASSASSINATED A SYRIAN JOURNALIST IN FRANCE. DECEMBER, 1972: CAPTURED THE ISRAELI EMBASSY IN BANGKOK. TERRORISTS HELD SIX EMPLOYEES HOSTAGE, BUT RELEASED THEM AFTER 19 HOURS. JANUARY, 1973: ATTACKED THE JEWISH AGENCY IN PARIS. MARCH, 1973: OCCUPIED THE SAUDI EMBASSY IN SUDAN. THREE WESTERN DIPLOMATS INCLUDING THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR, THE AMERICAN DEPUTY CHIEF OF MISSION, AND THE BELGIAN CHARGE, WERE MURDERED. SEPTEMBER, 1973: ATTEMPTED MISSILE ATTACK AGAINST AN EL AL AIRCRAFT IN ROME. SEPTEMBER, 1975: SEIZED AND OCCUPIED THE EGYPTIAN EMBASSY IN MADRID. THE TERRORISTS TOOK SIX DIPLOMATS HOSTAGE WHOM THEY THREATENED TO KILL UNLESS EGYPT WITHDREW FROM PEACE TALKS IN GENEVA AND CONDEMNED INTERIM AGREEMENTS WITH ISRAEL. THE TERRORISTS TOOK THEIR HOSTAGES TO ALGIERS, WHERE THEY WERE RELEASED. JULY, 1978: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE IRAQI AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED KINGDOM. AUGUST, 1978: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE IRAQI CONSUL IN KARACHI. APRIL, 1985: THE COASTAL FREIGHTER "ATAVARIUS" WAS INTERCEPETED AND SUNK WHILE ATTEMPTING TO INFILTRATE A FATAH RAIDING PARTY INTO ISRAEL. TWENTY RAIDERS WERE KILLED AND EIGHT WERE CAPTURED. SEPTEMBER, 1985: FORCE 17 OPERATIVES SEIZED A PRIVATE PLEASURE BOAT IN LARNACA, CYPRUS, TOOK THREE ISRAELIS ON BOARD HOSTAGE, AND BEFORE SURRENDERING, MURDERED THEM. OCTOBER, 1985: FORCE 17 MURDERED TWO ISRAELI MERCHANT SEAMEN IN BARCELONA. FEBRUARY, 1986: FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A BUS BOMBING IN ISRAEL THAT WOUNDED SIX. JULY, 1986: FATAH OPERATIVES BELONGING TO THE HAWARI ORGANIZATION WERE ARRESTED IN MOROCCO WHILE PLANNING A TERRORIST OPERATION. SEPTEMBER, 1986: AN ISRAELI CITIZEN WAS STABBED TO DEATH IN A MARKET IN GAZA. FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK. FEBRUARY, 1987: NINE PEOPLE WERE INJURED BY A BOMB ABOARD A BUS ENROUTE TO JERUSALEM FROM HAIFA. FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1987: FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A BUS BOMBING IN ISRAEL THAT INJURED TWO PEOPLE. JULY, 1987: AN ANTI-ARAFAT CARTOONIST WAS MURDERED IN LONDON. FORCE 17 HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE ATTACK. MARCH, 1988: A BUS WAS HIJACKED BETWEEN BEERSHEBA AND DIMONA, ISRAEL. THREE PASSENGERS WERE KILLED BEFORE ISRAELI SECURITY FORCES STORMED THE BUS. FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. OCTOBER, 1990: THREE ISRAELIS WERE STABBED TO DEATH AND ONE WAS WOUNDED. PERSONS CLAIMING TO REPRESENT FORCE SEVENTEEN AS WELL AS THE PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- PLEASE NOTE THAT FURTHER INFORMATION ON FATAH TERRORIST OPERATIONS MAY BE FOUND IN THE PROFILES OF VARIOUS FATAH SURROGATES SUCH AS FORCE 17. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 4 Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya title Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (aka: The Islamic Group) Description An indigenous Egyptian Islamic extremist group active since the late 1970s; appears to be loosely organized with no single readily identifiable operational leader. Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman is the preeminent spiritual leader. Goal is to overthrow the government of President Hosni Mubarak and replace it with an Islamic state. Activities Armed attacks against Egyptian security and other officials, coptic Christians, Western tourists, and Egyptian opponents of Islamic extremism. It assassinated the speaker of the Egyptian assembly in October 1990 and launched a series of attacks on tourists in Egypt in 1992. The group wounded the Egyptian Information Minister in an assassination attempt in April 1993. Strength Not known, but probably several thousand hardcore nembers and another several thousand sympathizers. Location/Area of Operation operates mainly in the Al Minya, Asyut, and Qina Governorates of southern Egypt. It also appears to have support in Cairo, Alexandria, and other urban locations, particularly among unemployed graduates and students. External Aid Not known. Egyptian Government believes that Iran, Sudan, and Afghan militant Islamic groups support the group. January - May 1995: Mallawi, about 160 miles south of Cairo has been the seen of clashes between Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya and the Egyptian government. At least 150 persons have been reported killed. January 1995: Over 670 policemen have been killed in political violence since 1992. 9 December 1993 Egypt A police officer was killed and six others injured when a group of terrorists opened fire on two movie houses which were showing foreign films. On 12 December Al-Gam'a al-Islamiyya claimed responsibility, stating that the attack was in retaliation for the screening of "immoral" films. 20 April 1993 Egypt Terrorists attempted to assassinate Egyptian Information Minister Safwat Sharif in Cairo by firing shots at his motorcade. The Minister was slightly injured and his bodyguard seriously wounded. Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya claimed responsibility for the attack. Terror Groups 5 Algerian Terrorism title Algerian Terrorism Description Terrorism in Algeria is conducted by a number of indigenous Islamic militant groups seeking to overthrow the current secular regime and establish an Islamic state. Algerian violence began following the ouster of President Bendjedid in 1992 and the follow-on regime's voiding of the Islamic Salvation Front's (FIS) victory in parliamentary elections of December 1991. Following a government crackdown in which many FIS leaders were imprisoned or exiled, the Islamic movement in Algeria splintered into numerous militant groups, not all of which are affiliated with the FIS. Groups that have been responsible for terrorist attacks are the Armed Islamic Group (AIG), the Movement for an Islamic State (MIS), the Army of the Prophet Muhammad, the United Company of Jihad, and the Armed Islamic Movement (AIM). Activities Frequent attacks against regime targets, particularly police, security personnel, and government officials; these include assassinations and bombings. Algerian terrorists have turned increasingly to violence against civilians. Since June 1993, for example, they have killed seven Algerian journalists. In September 1993, Algerian terrorists began targeting foreign nationals in Algeria, murdering two Frenchmen. In October, they killed five foreign nationals and kidnapped several more, including three French Consular officials, and threatened to begin indiscriminate attacks on all foreign residents by December. Since 1992, at least 1,500 people have died in Algerian violence. Strength Unknown Location/Area of operation Algeria External Aid Algerian expatriates, many of whom reside in Western Europe, probably provide some financial support. In addition, Algiers accuses Iran and Sudan of supporting Algerian extremists and severed diplomatic relations with Iran in March 1993. 14 December 1993 Algeria A large group of armed terrorists attacked a work camp of a hydro-electric project in Tamezguida. Fourteen Croatian citizens were taken out of the camp. Twelve were murdered by having their throats slit, but two others escaped with injuries. On 16 December the Armed Islamic Group claimed responsibility, stating that the attack was part of an ongoing campaign to rid Algeria of all foreigners and to avenge Muslims killed in Bosnia. 24 October 1993 Algeria Three French diplomats were kidnapped as they left their apartment in Algiers. A police officer who attempted to prevent the kidnapping was shot and killed. On 26 October the Armed Islamic Group claimed responsibility for the incident. The three diplomats were released unharmed on the night of 30 October. 19 October 1993 Algeria Terrorists kidnapped a Peruvian, a Filipino, and a Colombian from the cafeteria of an Italian construction firm in Tiaret. The three were technicians employed by the firm. On 21 October the three were found dead some fifty kilometers from the abduction site. Their throats had been cut. On 26 October, the extremist Armed Islamic Group claimed responsibility for this and other attacks against foreigners. Terror Groups 6 Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) title Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) aka: The Orly Group, 3rd October Organization Description Marxist-Leninist Armenian terrorist group formed in 1975 with stated intention to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its alleged responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland. Led by Hagop Hagopian until he was assassinated in Athens in April 1988. Activities Initial bombing and assassination attacks directed against Turkish targets. Later attacked French and Swiss targets to force release of imprisoned comrades. Made several minor bombing attacks against US airline offices in Western Europe in early 1980S. Bombing of Turkish airline counter at Orly Airport in Paris in 1983--eight killed and 55 wounded--led to split in group over rationale for causing indiscriminate casualties. Suffering from internal schisms, group has been relatively inactive over past four years, although recently claimed an unsuccessful attack on Turkish Ambassador to Hungary. Strength A few hundred members and sympathizers. Location/Area of Operation Lebanon, Western Europe, Armenia, United States, and Middle East. External Aid Has received aid, including training and safehaven, from Syria. May also receive some aid from Libya. Has extensive ties to radical Palestinian groups, including the PFLP and PFLP-GC. SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JANUARY, 1975: BOMBED THE BEIRUT HEADQAURTERS OF THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES BECAUSE OF ITS ROLE IN ASSISTING ARMENIANS TO EMIGRATE TO OTHER COUNTRIES. OCTOBER, 1975: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE TURKISH AMBASSADOR TO AUSTRIA. THE OPERATION WAS ALSO CLAIMED BY THE JUSTICE COMMANDOS OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE (JCAG). OCTOBER, 1975: CLAIMED RESPONSIBLITY FOR THE MURDERS OF THE TURKISH AMBASSADOR TO FRANCE AND HIS CHAUFFER, WHO WERE MACHINE-GUNNED TO DEATH WHILE ENROUTE TO THE TURKISH EMBASSY. FEBRUARY, 1976: ASSASSINATED THE FIRST SECRETARY OF THE TURKSIH EMBASSY IN BEIRUT. OCTOBER, 1976: DETONATED TWO BOMBS IN ISTANBUL, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING FOUR. NOVEMBER, 1979: BOMB THE TWA OFFICE IN MADRID. DECEMBER, 1979: BOMBED THE TURKISH AIRLINES OFFICE IN LONDON. IN CLAIMING RESPONSIBILITY, ASALA EXPRESSED SOLIDARITY WITH THE TERRORIST MOVEMENTS IN NORTHERN IRELAND. DECEMBER, 1979: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE TURKISH PRESS ATTACHE IN PARIS. MARCH, 1980: BOMBED THE OFFICES HOUSING THE TURKISH AIRLINES AND THE TOURIST BUREAU IN ROME, KILLING TWO PERSONS. JUNE, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A TURKISH CONSULAR EMPLOYEE IN GENEVA. OCTOBER, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE ALITALIA OFFICE IN MADRID. OCTOBER, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE TURKISH AIRLINES OFFICE IN LONDON. NOVEMBER, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE SWISSAIR OFFICE IN MADRID. JANUARY, 1981: BOMBED THE SWISSAIR OFFICE AND THE SWISS CONSULATE IN MILAN IN RETALIATION FOR THE ARREST OF TWO ARMENIAN MILITANTS IN GENEVA. MARCH, 1981: ASSASSINATED THE TURKISH LABOR ATTACHE AND CONSUL FOR RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS IN PARIS. SEPTEMBER, 1981: STORMED THE TURKISH CONSULATE IN PARIS, KILLING A GUARD AND SERIOUSLY WOUNDING A VICE-CONSUL. THE TERRORISTS HELD 51 PERSONS HOSTAGE FOR FIFTEEN HOURS BEFORE SURRENDERING. JUNE, 1982: ATTEMPTED TO BOMB THE AIR CANADA FREIGHT OFFICE AT LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. POLICE DISARMED THE DEVICE FIFTEEN MINUTES BEFORE IT WAS SET TO DETONATE. AUGUST, 1982: ATTACKED ISTANBUL'S ESENBOGA AIRPORT, KILLING SEVEN AND WOUNDING SEVENTY TWO. JUNE, 1983: CARRIED OUT A GRENADE AND MACHINE GUN ATTACK ON THE ISTANBUL BAZAAR, KILLING TWO. JULY, 1983: BOMBED THE TURKISH AIRLINES COUNTER AT ORLY, PARIS, KILLING SEVEN. MARCH, 1984: WOUNDED THE FIRST SECRETARY AND THE DEPUTY MILITARY ATTACHE OF THE TURKISH EMBASSY IN TEHRAN. JANUARY-MAY, 1986: STAGED FIVE INCIDENTS IN LEBANON, RESULTING IN ONE KIDNAPPING, NINE DEATHS, TWO INJURIES, AND PROPERTY DAMAGE RESULTING FROM BOMBINGS AGAINST "DASHNAG" (RIGHT WING) ARMENIAN POLITICAL PARTY MEMBERS. ASALA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY OR WAS SUSPECTED IN ALL OF THE OPERATIONS. SEPTEMBER, 1986: SUSPECTED OF INVOLVEMENT IN THE PARIS BOMBING CAMPAIGN. OCTOBER, 1987: IN EAST BEIRUT, LEBANON, GUNMEN ATTACKED THREE MEMBERS OF THE FRENCH EMBASSY GUARD FORCE, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING ONE. ASALA CLAIMED THE ATTACK WAS CARRIED OUT TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE TO RELEASE ASALA PRISONERS HELD IN FRANCE. APRIL, 1988: ASALA LEADER HAGOP HAGOPIAN KILLED IN ATHENS. DECEMBER, 1991: A LONE GUNMAN OPEENED FIRE ON A LIMOSINE IN WHICH THE TURKISH AMBASSADOR TO HUNGARY WAS RIDING. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. A CALLER CLAIMING TO REPRESENT ASALA TOOK RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 7 Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) title +Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) Description Founded in 1959 with the aim of creating an independent homeland in Spain's Basque region. Has muted commitment to Marxism. Activities Chiefly bombings and assassinations of Spanish Government targets, especially security forces. Since arrest of ETA members in France in March 1992, ETA also has attacked French interests. Finances activities through kidnappings, robberies, and extortion. Strength Unknown; may have hundreds of members, plus supporters. Location/Area of operations Operates primarily in the Basque autonomous regions of northern Spain and southwest France but also has bombed Spanish interests in Italy and Germany and French interests in Italy. External Aid Has received training at various times in Libya, Lebanon, and Nicaragua. Also appears to have close ties to PIRA. SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY DECEMBER, 1973: ASSASSINATED SPANISH PRIME MINISTER LUIS CARRERO BLANCO, HIS CHAUFFER, AND A SECURITY OFFICER WITH A REMOTE-CONTROLLED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE. SEPTEMBER, 1974: BOMBED A CROWDED CAFE NEXT TO A SECURITY HEADQUARTERS IN MADRID. THIRTEEN CIVILIANS WERE KILLED AND SEVENTY WERE WOUNDED. OCTOBER, 1976: ASSASSINATED A SENIOR ADVISER TO KING JUAN CARLOS, HIS DRIVER, AND THREE SECURITY GUARDS. MARCH, 1978: DETONATED A POWERFUL BOMB AT THE BILBAO NUCLEAR POWERPLANT, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING FOURTEEN. JUNE/JULY, 1979: INITIATED A "TOURIST WAR" IN SPANISH SEASIDE RESORT AREAS. FOURTEEN TIME BOMBS WERE DETONATED, INJURING TWO AND CAUSING EXTENSIVE PROPERTY DAMAGE. NOVEMBER, 1979: KIDNAPPED A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT IN MADRID. THE VICTIM WAS RELEASED AFTER THE GOVERNMENT AGREED TO REVIEW AND EXPEDITE CASES AGAINST BASQUE PRISONERS AND TO INVESTIGATE ALLEGATIONS OF TORTURE. FEBRUARY, 1980: FIRED AN ANTI-TANK ROCKET AT THE PRIME MINISTER'S RESIDENCE IN MADRID. THE ROCKET MISSED THE BUILDING. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1981: KIDNAPPED ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST MEN IN SPAIN, RELEASING HIM AFTER 58 DAYS AND PAYMENT OF A RANSOM REPORTED AT $3.29 MILLION. JANUARY, 1982: KIDNAPPED A LEADING INDUSTRIALIST AND HELD HIM FOR A MONTH BEFORE RECEIVING A REPORTED RANSOM PAYMENT OF $1.3 MILLION. OCTOBER, 1982: DETONATED NEARLY TWO DOZEN BOMBS AT SEVERAL BANKS IN THE BASQUE PROVINCES. FEBRUARY, 1983: KILLED THREE AND WOUNDED NINE IN THE BOMBING OF A BILBAO BANK THAT HAD REFUSED TO PAY "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES." APRIL, 1984: KILLED A RETIRED POLICE OFFICER IN PAMPLONA. A BOOBYTRAP IN THE GETAWAY CAR DETONATED WHILE IT WAS BEING EXAMINED, KILLING TWO POLICE OFFICERS. DECEMBER, 1984: BOMBED SECTIONS OF THE ROTA-ZARAGOZA MILITARY PETROLEUM PIPELINE. CLAIMED THE ACT WAS AGAINST THE SPANISH MILITARY. JULY, 1985: SHOT AND KILLED SPAIN'S DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE POLICY, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING HIS CHAUFFER - IN MADRID. SEPTEMBER, 1985: DETONATED A CAR BOMB BY REMOTE CONTROL IN MADRID, INJURING TEN MEMBERS OF THE CIVIL GUARD. AN AMERICAN BYSTANDER WAS KILLED. FEBRUARY, 1986: MURDERED VICE ADMIRAL CRISTOBOL COLON AND HIS CHAUFFER IN MADRID IN A MACHINE GUN AND GRENADE ATTACK. JULY, 1986: REMOTE CONTROLLED DETONATION OF A DEVICE HIDDEN IN A PARKED VAN IN MADRID. THE 100 POUND DEVICE DETONATED AS A BUS CARRYING CIVIL GUARD CADETS WAS PASSING. TEN CADETS WERE KILLED AND SEVERAL DOZEN WERE INJURED. JULY, 1986: DETONATED A BOMB IN MADRID, KILLING NINE PEOPLE. JULY, 1986: FIRED A DOZEN ANTI-TANK ROCKETS BY REMOTE CONTROL FROM A HOME MADE LAUNCHER AT THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE IN MADRID, INJURING TWO MILITARY OFFICERS. AFTER THE ATTACK, THE CAR TO WHICH THE LAUNCHER WAS ATTACHED EXPLODED, INJURING TEN. OCTOBER, 1986: MURDERED THE GOVERNOR OF GUIPUZCOA PROVINCE BY DETONATING AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE THAT HAD BEEN PLACED ON THE ROOF OF THE VICTIM'S CAR. THE VICTIM'S WIFE AND CHILDREN WERE ALSO KILLED. DECEMBER, 1986: KIDNAPPED A SPANISH BUSINESSMAN AND HELD HIM FOR 69 DAYS BEFORE RECEIVING A REPORTED RANSOM PAYMENT OF $1.5 MILLION. JANUARY, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB, DESTROYING A PASSING MILITARY BUS IN ZARAGOZA, KILLING AN ARMY OFFICER AND THE CIVILIAN DRIVER OF THE BUS. FORTY PERSONS WERE WOUNDED. JANUARY/FEBRUARY, 1987: PERPETRATED A SERIES OF ARSON AND BOMBING ATTACKS AGAINST FRENCH INTERESTS IN MONDRAGON, BILBAO, AND LASARTE. BELIEVED TO BE IN PROTEST OF FRANCE'S DEPORTATION OF BASQUE GUERRILLAS TO SPAIN. MARCH, 1987: STAGED A SUBMACHINE GUN ATTACK IN VITORIA, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING AN ARMY OFFICER. MARCH, 1987: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE BARCELONA PORT. ONE CIVIL GUARDSMAN WAS KILLED AND FIFTEEN PERSONS WERE INJURED. MARCH/APRIL, 1987: CONTINUED ARSON AND BOMBING ATTACKS AIMED MAINLY AT FRENCH TARGETS. APRIL, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR A BARCELONA CIVIL GUARD BARRACKS, KILLING ONE AND INJURING SEVEN. MAY, 1987: DETONATED THREE CAR BOMBS NEAR THE MADRID HEADQUARTERS OF THE SPANISH NAVY, AIR FORCE, AND CIVIL GUARD, KILLING ONE AND INJURING NINE. JUNE, 1987: IN SAN SEBASTIAN, DETONATED A CAR BOMB AS TWO POLICE VANS PASSED, INJURING SIX. JUNE, 1987: DETONATED TWO EXPLOSIVE DEVICES AT A STATE-OWNED PETRO-CHEMICAL PLANT. DAMAGE ESTIMATES VARIED BETWEEN $8 TO $16 MILLION. JUNE, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN A PARKING GARAGE UNDER A SUPERMARKET IN BARCELONA, KILLING TWENTY ONE AND INJURING MANY OTHERS. AUGUST, 1987: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE IN VITORIA AS A NATIONAL POLICE VEHICLE PASSED; TWO PERSONS WERE KILLED AND ONE WAS INJURED. AUGUST, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN EIBAR, INJURING THIRTEEN. SEPTEMBER, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN SAN SEBASTIAN AS TWO NATIONAL POLICE VANS PASSED. ONE POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED AND SIX PEOPLE WERE HURT. DECEMBER, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN FRONT OF A SPANISH CIVIL GUARD APARTMENT COMPLEX, KILLING ELEVEN AND INJURING FORTY. APRIL, 1989: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE ON A SECONDARY RAILROAD LINE FIFTY MILES SOUTH OF MADRID, CAUSING MINOR DAMAGE AND NO INJURIES. JULY, 1989: MURDERED TWO ARMY OFFICERS IN MADRID. SEPTEMBER, 1989: MURDERED A GOVERNMENT PROSECUTER IN MADRID. SEPTEMBER, 1989: POSTMAN KILLED BY A PARCEL BOMB. JANUARY, 1990: A FRENCH AUTO DEALERSHIP IN THE BASQUE PROVINCE OF ALAVA IS BOMBED. JANUARY, 1990: A NATIONAL POLICEMAN WAS KILLED BY A BOMB PLACED NEXT TO HIS PERSONAL AUTO. FEBRUARY, 1990: AT LEAST THREE LETTER/PARCEL BOMBS WERE SENT BY ETA. ONE SERIOUSLY INJURED THE SENIOR JUDGE OF THE NATIONAL HIGH COURT OF SPAIN, ONE INJURED TWO POSTAL WORKERS, AND A THIRD WAS DISARMED. APRIL, 1990: A MEMBER OF THE CIVIL GUARD WAS SHOT DEAD AS HE RETURNED TO HIS HOME FROM WORK. APRIL, 1990: ETA PUBLISHED A COMMUNIQUE IN THE BASQUE LANGUAGE NEWSPAPER "EGIN" STATING THAT IT WOULD ENGAGE IN ATTACKS ON THE SEVILLE WORLD'S FAIR - EXPO 92. JUNE, 1990: A RETIRED SPANISH ARMY COLONEL WAS SHOT DEAD IN SAN SEBASTIAN. JUNE, 1990: A MAN WAS SHOT DEAD IN A CAFE IN A SUBURB OF THE BASQUE CITY OF BILBAO. ETA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK, APOLOGIZING TO THE VICTIM'S FAMILY FOR HAVING MURDERED THE WRONG PERSON. JUNE, 1990: A FRENCH AUTO DEALERSHIP IN THE BASQUE PROVINCE OF VIZCAYA WAS BOMBED. JUNE, 1990: AN OFFICE BUILDING IN AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, WAS BOMBED BY ETA. THE BUILDING HOUSED THE OFFICES OF IBERIAN AIR, THE SPANISH NATIONAL CARRIER. JULY, 1990: A SPANISH BANK IN AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, WAS BOMBED BY ETA. A DUTCH NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED AN INTERVIEW WITH A BASQUE ACTIVIST WHO CLAIMED THAT ETA BOMBINGS IN HOLLAND WERE INTENDED AS "LESSONS" TO THE DUTCH GOVERNMENT FOR ITS COOPERATION WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN. AUGUST, 1990: A SERIES OF BOMBING ATTACKS AGAINST RAIL LINES THROUGHOUT SPAIN TOOK PLACE. SEPTEMBER, 1990: A CAR BOMB DETONATED AT A CIVIL GUARD FACILITY IN BILBAO. A CIVIL GUARDSMAN AND A CIVILIAN WERE KILLED. TWO GUARDSMEN WERE INJURED. SEPTEMBER, 1990: A CAR BOMB DETONATED IN THE CITY OF CARTAGENA OUTSIDE THE LIVING QUARTERS OF 400 CIVIL GUARD PERSONNEL AND THEIR FAMILIES. SEVENTEEN PERSONS WERE INJURED. NOVEMBER, 1990: TWO POLICEMEN WERE KILLED AND TWO WERE SERIOUSLY INJURED WHEN A TRUCK BOMB DETONATED AS THE VICTIMS' VEHICLE PASSED IN A BILBAO SUBURB. FEBRUARY, 1991: ETA WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BOMBING OF A SPANISH NAVY PATROL BOAT IN THE PORT OF FUENTTERRABIA. MARCH, 1991: ETA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A SPANISH CONSTRUCTION COMPANY EXECUTIVE IN VALENCIA. APRIL, 1991: A SPANISH POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED, AND HIS WIFE WAS SERIOUSLY INJURED WHEN A CAR BOMB DETONATED UNDER THEIR AUTOMOBILE. TWO BYSTANDERS WERE ALSO INJURED IN THE BOMBING WHICH OCCURED IN A SUBURB OF BILBAO. APRIL, 1991: A SEVENTEEN YEAR OLD DAUGHTER OF A NATIONAL POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED IN SAN SEBASTIAN BY A BOMB THAT HAD BEEN PLACED UNDER HER FATHER'S CAR. THE BLAST INJURED THE FATHER AND THREE OTHER CHILDREN. ETA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MAY, 1991: NINE PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND APPROXIMATELY 50 INJURED IN A TOWN NEAR BARCELONA WHEN A CAR BOMB DETONATED. FOUR OF THE DEAD WERE CHILDREN. JUNE, 1991: A SPANISH AIR FORCE OFFICER WAS KILLED, AND FOUR CHILDRED WERE INJURED WHEN A BOMB PLANTED UNDER THE OFFICER'S CAR DETONATED. JUNE, 1991: A PRISON OFFICER, TWO INMATES, AND A VISITING FAMILY MEMBER WERE KILLED AND MORE THAN TWENTY PERSONS WERE INJURED WHEN A PARCEL BOMB DETONATED IN A PRISON'S ENTRY CONTROL ROOM. JULY, 1991: ETA ISSUED A WARNING TO FRENCH TRAVEL AGENCIES STATING THAT TOURISM WOULD BE CONSIDERED A LEGITIMATE "MILITARY" TARGET BY ETA. JULY, 1991: A SPANISH TOUR BUS WAS FIREBOMBED IN ROME. AUGUST, 1991: ETA BOMBED RAIL LINES AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT SPAIN. AUGUST, 1991: TWO BOMBS WERE PLANTED OUTSIDE SPANISH TRAVEL AGENCIES IN ROME. BOTH BOMBS WERE DISARMED BY THE POLICE. OCTOBER, 1991: TWO MEMBERS OF THE SPANISH CIVIL GUARD WERE SHOT DEAD IN THE CITY OF SAN SEBASTIAN. NOVEMBER, 1991: A BOMB PLANTED IN THE CAR OF A CIVIL GUARDSMAN IN BILBAO KILLED THE TWO YEAR OLD SON OF THE INTENDED VICTIM. THE CIVIL GUARDSMAN AND ANOTHER CHILD WERE INJURED IN THE ATTACK. DECEMBER, 1991: TWO PLAINCLOTHES SPANISH POLICE OFFICERS WERE SHOT DEAD IN BARCELONA. DECEMBER, 1991: THE ETA BOMBED THE LEADING LUXURY HOTEL IN THE SOUTHERN CITY OF SEVILLE, THE SITE OF EXPO 92. JANUARY, 1992: A SPANISH AIR FORCE MAJOR WAS SHOT DEAD IN AN AMBUSH IN BARCELONA. JANUARY, 1992: A FORMER SENATOR AND SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE BASQUE AUTONOMOUS REGIONS WAS ASSASSINATED NEAR THE UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA. JANUARY, 1992: TWO MEMBERS OF A SPANISH MILITARY BAND WERE SHOT DEAD IN THE CENTER OF BARCELONA. FEBRUARY, 1992: FIVE PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND AT LEAST SIX WERE INJURED WHEN A BOMB DESTROYED A POLICE VAN IN CENTRAL MADRID. MARCH, 1992: A RETIRED SPANISH ARMY COLONEL WAS KILLED BY A LETTER BOMB THAT HAD BEEN SENT TO HIM IN MADRID. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 8 Chukaku-Ha (Nucleus or Middle Core Faction) title Chukaku-Ha (Nucleus or Middle Core Faction) Description An ultraleftist/radical group with origins in the fragmentation of the Japanese Communist Party in 1957. Largest domestic militant group; has political arm plus small, covert action wing called Kansai Revolutionary Army. Funding derived from membership dues, sales of its newspapers, and fundraising campaigns. Activities Participates in mass street demonstrations and commits sporadic attacks using crude rockets and incendiary devices usually designed to cause property damage rather than casualties. Protests Japan's imperial system, Western "imperialism," and events like the Gulf war and the expansion of Tokyo's Narita airport. Launched at least four rockets at the Us army base at Zama, near Tokyo, at the start of the G-7 Summit in July 1993. Strength 3,500. Location/Area of operation Japan. External Aid None known. 7 July 1993 Japan Terrorists exploded a home-made bomb at the United Nations Technology Center in Osaka, causing minor damage and no casualties. On 9 July the Chukaku-Ha terrorist group claimed responsibility. SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JUNE, 1979: BURNED TWO VEHICLES AND CUT COMMUNICATIONS LINES TO TOKYO'S HANEDA AIRPORT WHEN PRESIDENT CARTER ARRIVED. SEPTEMBER, 1984: ATTACKED THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY HEADQUARTERS WITH A TRUCK- MOUNTED FLAME-THROWER AND DETONATED A TIME BOMB NEAR THE EMBASSY OF ISRAEL. APRIL, 1985: USED A MORTAR-LIKE WEAPON IN SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON NARITA AND HAMEDA AIRPORTS. THERE WERE NO CASUALTIES BUT MAJOR DAMAGE TO AT LEAST ONE BUILDING. NOVEMBER, 1985: STORMED AND SET ABLAZE SEVERAL OF JAPAN'S LARGEST RAILWAY STATIONS. MARCH, 1986: LAUNCHED PROJECTILES AT THE IMPERIAL PALACE. MAY, 1986: LAUNCHED PROJECTILES AT THE BUILDINGS HOUSING THE ECONOMIC (G-7) SUMMIT MEETING. THE IMPROVISED MISSILES FLEW APPROXIMATELY 3,500 METERS. SEPTEMBER, 1986: UNIDENTIFIED ATTACKERS, SUSPECTED OF BEING MEMBERS OF CHUKAKU-HA BATTERED A RAILWAY TRADE UNION OFFICIAL TO DEATH AND SERIOUSLY INJURED EIGHT OTHERS IN A SERIES OF ATTACKS IN THEIR HOMES. OCTOBER, 1986: POLICE ARRESTED SEVEN SUSPECTED MEMBERS OF THE GROUP AND DISCOVERED A BOMB FACTORY IN NORTHERN JAPAN. NOVEMBER, 1986: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR TWO TIMED INCENDIARY DEVICES THAT EXPLODED AT THE RESIDENCE OF A FORMER EXECUTIVE OF THE AIRPORT PUBLIC CORPORATION. MARCH, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A SERIES OF BOMBINGS INTENDED TO STOP CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES INVOLVED WITH EXPANSION WORK AT NARITA. JULY, 1987: TARGETED VEHICLES INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN OSAKA, AND EXPANDING NARITA; USED TIMED INCENDIARY DEVICES IN THIRTEEN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE SAME DAY. AUGUST, 1987: LAUNCHED FOUR INCENDIARY DEVICES FROM THE BED OF A STOLEN TRUCK IN THE DIRECTION OF THE IMPERIAL PALACE. JANUARY, 1988: FIRED FIVE ROCKET BOMBS TOWARD THE NEW TOKYO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AT NARITA. THE ROCKETS WERE LAUNCHED FROM A TRUCK PARKED ON AN EMPTY LOT. NO DAMAGE OR INJURIES WERE REPORTED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 9 Commission (CNPZ) title Commission (CNPZ) Description ELN claims to be resuscitation of group established by Che Guevara in 1960S. Includes numerous small factions of indigenous subversive groups, including CNPZ, which is largely inactive today. Activities ELN and CNPZ have attacked US interests in past years but focused almost exclusively on Bolivian domestic targets in 1993. Strength Unknown; probably fewer than 100. Location/Area of Operation Bolivia. External Aid None. Terror Groups 10 Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) title Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) Description Marxist group that split from the PFLP in 1969. Believes Palestinian national goals can be achieved only through revolution of the masses. Opposes the Declaration of Principles (DOP) signed in 1993. In early 1980s, occupied political stance midway between Arafat and the rejectionists. Split into two factions in 1991, one pro-Arafat and another more hardline faction headed by Nayif Hawatmah (which has suspended participation in the PLO). Activities In the 1970s, carried out numerous small bombings and minor assaults and some more spectacular operations in Israel and the occupied territories, concentrating on Israeli targets such as the 1974 massacre in Malalot in which 27 Israelis were killed and more than 100 wounded. Involved only in border raids since 1988. Strength Estimated at 500 (total for both factions). Location/Area of Operation Syria, Lebanon, and the Israeli occupied territories; attacks have taken place entirely in Israel and the occupied territories. External Aid Receives financial and military aid from Syria and Libya. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1974: TOOK OVER A SCHOOLHOUSE AND MASSACRED ISRAELI HOSTAGES AFTER INFILTRATING USING UNIFORMS RESEMBLING THOSE OF THE ISRAEL DEFENSE FORCES (IDF). MURDERED 27 AND WOUNDED 124. NOVEMBER, 1974: ATTACKED THE TOWN OF BET SHE'AN IN ISRAEL. THREE TERRORISTS BARRICADED THEMSELVES IN A BUILDING CARRYING HAND GRENADES AND KALASHNIKOVS (AK-47). THEY HAD DEMANDED THE RELEASE OF 15 PALESTINIANS. JULY, 1977: IMPLICATED IN SEVERAL TEL AVIV AND JERUSALEM BOMBINGS. JANUARY, 1979: ATTEMPTED TO SEIZE 230 CIVILIANS AS HOSTAGES IN A GUEST HOUSE IN MA'ALOT. THREE TERRORISTS, ARMED WITH KALASHNIKOVS AND GRENADES, WERE KILLED BU ISRAELI DEFENSE FORCES (IDF). MARCH, 1979: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR PLANTING BOMBS IN ISRAELI BUSES TO PROTEST PRESIDENT CARTER'S VISIT TO ISRAEL. MARCH, 1982: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A GRENADE ATTACK IN THE GAZA STRIP THAT KILLED AN ISRAELI SOLDIER AND WOUNDED THREE OTHERS. FEBRUARY, 1984: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A GRENADE EXPLOSION IN JERUSALEM WHICH WOUNDED TWENTY ONE PERSONS. SEPTEMBER, 1985: ATTACKED AN ISRAELI BUS NEAR HEBRON. MARCH, 1986: SEVERAL DFLP GUERRILLAS, WEARING IDF UNIFORMS, ATTEMPTED TO INFILTRATE FROM LEBANON INTO ISRAEL, BUT WERE INTERCEPTED BY THE MAY, 1988: THREW MOLOTOV COCKTAILS AT TRADE AND INDUSTRY MINISTER ARIEL SHARON'S CAR. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS Terror Groups 11 Devrimci Sol (Revolutionary Left) title Devrimci Sol (Revolutionary Left) aka: Dev Sol Description Formed in 1978 as a splinter faction of the Turkish People's Liberation Party/Front. Espouses a Marxist ideology, intensely xenophobic, and virulently anti-US and anti-NATO; seeks to unify the proletariat to stage a national revolution. Finances its activities chiefly through armed robberies and extortion. Activities Since late 1980s has concentrated attacks against current and retired Turkish security and military officials. Began new campaign against foreign interests in 1990. Protesting Gulf war, claimed assassination of two US military contractors, attempted assassination of a US Air Force officer. Launched rockets at US Consulate in Istanbul in April and July 1992. Terrorist activities in 1993 were less ambitious as Dev Sol worked to recover from internal factionalism and police raids that netted several operatives and large weapons caches. Strength Several hundred members, several dozen armed militants. Location/Area of Operation Carries out attacks in Turkey--primarily in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Adana. Conducts fundraising operations in Western Europe. External Aid Possible training support from radical Palestinians. 2 February 1995: TUNCELI, Turkey 13 soldiers ambushed on the way to a staged meeting with PKK. 9 September 1993 Chile Terrorists placed small bombs at two McDonalds outlets and a Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet in the Santiago area. The two bombs in the McDonalds outlets exploded, causing some damage but no casualties. The bomb in the Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet was found and deactivated. In all three instances, a male claiming to be a member of the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED RECENT INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY NOVEMBER, 1988: SIX BANKS IN ISTANBUL WERE TARGETS OF MOLOTOV COCKTAILS AND/OR SUSPECTED ARSON ATTACKS DURING ONE EVENING. THERE WERE NO INJURIES REPORTED. JUNE, 1990: A FORMER MILITARY OFFICER WAS SHOT TO DEATH IN HIS ISTANBUL OFFICE. NOVEMBER, 1990: A PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ASSIGNED TO A PRISON IN ISTANBUL, WAS SHOT DEAD WHILE HIS CAR WAS STOPPED IN TRAFFIC. JANUARY, 1991: A BOMB WAS THROWN AT A U.S. MILITARY FACILITY IN DOWNTOWN ISTANBUL. JANUARY, 1991: TWO PRIVATE AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS - A PUBLISHING COMPANY AND A MARITIME ORGANIZATION WERE BOMBED. ONE EMPLOYEE OF THE MARITIME ORGANIZATION WAS WOUNDED. JANUARY, 1991: THE U.S. CONSULATE AND THE TURKISH-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION WERE BOMBED ON THE SAME DAY. JANUARY, 1991: A RETIRED TURKISH ARMY GENERAL, WHO WAS A SENIOR SECURITY ADVISOR TO THE PRIME MINISTER, WAS SHOT DEAD NEAR HIS HOME IN ANKARA. FEBRUARY, 1991: AN AMERICAN EMPLOYEE OF AN AMERICAN FIRM WAS ASSASSINATED IN FRONT OF HIS APARTMENT IN ADANA. FEBRUARY, 1991: A U.S. AIR FORCE OFFICER WAS SHOT AND WOUNDED IN AN ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AS HE ENTERED HIS APARTMENT IN IZMIR. MARCH, 1991: THE AMERICAN OFFICE MANAGER OF A U.S. FIRM WAS ASSASSINATED IN HIS ISTANBUL OFFICE BY THREE MEN POSING AS POLICE OFFICERS. APRIL, 1991: A RETIRED TURKISH ARMY GENERAL WAS ASSASSINATED IN HIS ISTANBUL HOME. THREE MEN, ONE DISGUISED AS AN ARMY LIEUTENANT, ENTERED THE VICTIM'S HOME, TIED UP THE VICTIM AND HIS WIFE, AND THEN SHOT THE GENERAL. APRIL, 1991: A MANIFESTO, REPORTEDLY ISSUED BY DEV SOL, STATED THAT DEV SOL WOULD "ACT AGAINST" TURKS WORKING FOR U.S. FIRMS AS IF THEY WERE AMERICANS. THE DOCUMENT WARNED THAT ANYONE ACCEPTING EMPLOYMENT WITH A U.S. FIRM RISKED BEING KILLED. APRIL, 1991: A POLICE STATION IN IZMIR WAS BOMBED. JUNE, 1991: ONE PERSON WAS KILLED AND FOUR WERE WOUNDED IN A SERIES OF BOMBINGS IN ISTANBUL, ALL OF WHICH OCCURRED ON THE SAME DAY (6/13) AT APPROXIMATELY THE SAME TIME. JULY, 1991: FIVE TURKISH BANKS WERE BOMBED IN ISTANBUL ON THE NIGHT OF 7/18-19. THE BOMBINGS WERE SAID TO BE A PROTEST TO THE VISIT TO TURKEY OF U.S. PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH. JULY, 1991: THREE TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED IN ISTANBUL IN TWO SEPARATE ATTACKS. ONE OF THE VICTIMS WAS KILLED AS HE LEFT HIS HOME FOR WORK. THE OTHER TWO VICTIMS WERE SHOT DEAD AS THEY SAT IN THEIR UNMARKED POLICE CAR. AUGUST, 1991: A BRITISH NATIONAL WAS MURDERED IN ISTANBUL. THE VICTIM WAS EMPLOYED BY A BRITISH-OWNED INSURANCE FIRM WHOSE ISTANBUL OFFICES HAD BEEN BOMBED BY DEV SOL IN JANUARY, 1991. OCTOBER, 1991: IN TWO INCIDENTS OCCURRING ONLY HOURS APART FIVE POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED AND TWO WERE WOUNDED IN SHOOTING ATTACKS IN ISTANBUL. DECEMBER, 1991: THE DEPUTY POLICE CHIEF OF ISTANBUL AND HIS DRIVER WERE SHOT DEAD IN AN ATTACK ON THEIR VEHICLE IN ISTANBUL. FEBRUARY, 1992: FIVE GUNMEN AMBUSHED AND MURDERED THREE TURKISH POLICE OFFICERS IN ISTANBUL'S RUSH HOUR TRAFFIC. MARCH, 1992: A SUSPECTED DEV SOL OPERATIVE WAS KILLED WHEN A BOMB HE WAS CARRYING DETONATED PREMATURELY. POLICE SPECULATED THAT HE WAS ABOUT TO PLACE THE BOMB IN A MOSQUE IN THE NORTHERN TURKISH CITY OF ZONGULDAK WHEN THE DEVICE EXPLODED. MARCH, 1992: DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A BUS IN ISTANBUL. THE BUS WAS CARRYING TURKISH GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES. TWO PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND AT LEAST FIVE WERE INJURED. APRIL, 1992: A DEV SOL TEAM ATTACKED A POLICE BUS IN IZMIR, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING NINE PERSONS. APRIL, 1992: DEV SOL ISSUED A BULLETIN STATING THEIR MAIN TARGETS AS: "...LOCAL AND FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES WHO SERVE THE IMPERIALISTS AND THEIR POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND MILITARY BASES...PROMINENT BUSINESSMEN AND COMPANIES...OFFICERS AND NCOS OF THE TURKISH MILITARY...THE TURKISH INTELLIGENCE SERVICE; TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE...." ETC. APRIL, 1992: A ROCKET PROPELLED GRENADE (RPG) WAS FIRED AT A REAR WALL OF THE COMPOUND HOUSING THE AMERICAN CONSULATE IN ISTANBUL. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. APRIL, 1992: TWO POLICE OFFICERS WERE SHOT DEAD IN ISTANBUL AS THEY WAITED ON A STREET CORNER FOR A RIDE. DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. APRIL, 1992: A POLICE OFFICER AND A CONSTRUCTION WORKER WERE SHOT DEAD AT A BUS STOP IN ISTANBUL. DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 12 Force 17 title Force 17 Description Formed in early 1970s as a personal security force for Arafat and other PLO leaders. Activities According to press sources, in 1985 expanded operations to include terrorist attacks against Israeli targets. No confirmed terrorist activity outside Israel and the occupied territories since September 1985, when it claimed responsibility for killing three Israelis in Cyprus, an incident that was followed by Israeli air raids on PLO bases in Tunisia. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of Operation Based in Beirut before 1982. Since then, dispersed in several Arab countries. Now operating in Lebanon, other Middle Eastern countries, and Europe. External Aid PLO is main source of support. Terror Groups 13 GRAPO title GRAPO 10/28/92 GP00033 KEY WORDS: OCTOBER 1ST ANTIFASCIST RESISTANCE GROUP; FIRST OF OCTOBER ANTIFASCIST RESISTANCE GROUP; GRUPO DE RESISTENCIA ANTIFASCISTA, PRIMERO DE OCTUBRE----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DESCRIPTION: A SMALL, MAOIST URBAN TERRORIST GROUP THAT RECRUITED MEMBERS FROM THE SPANISH COMMUNIST PARTY - RECONSTITUTED (PCE-R). SEEKS TO REMOVE U.S. MILITARY FORCES FROM SPAIN AND TO ESTABLISH A REVOLUTIONARY REGIME. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: CARRIED OUT SMALL-SCALE BOMBINGS ON U.S. AND NATO FACILITIES IN THE EARLY 1980S. SINCE THEN, SOME OF THE MEMBERS ARRESTED IN 1985 HAVE BEEN RELEASED FROM PRISON AND HAVE RETURNED TO ACTION, INCLUDING KILLING A SPANISH BUSINESSMAN IN 1988. DURING 1990, GRAPO CARRIED OUT BOMBINGS IN MADRID, BARCELONA, AND TARRAGONA. IN MARCH, 1990 GRAPO MURDERED A PHYSICIAN INVOLVED IN FORCE-FEEDING GRAPO PRISONERS WHO WERE WAGING A HUNGER STRIKE. IN MARCH, 1992, FERNANDO SILVA, ONE OF THE LEADERS OF GRAPO, ESCAPED FROM HIS SPANISH PRISON CELL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: PROBABLY FEWER THAN A DOZEN ACTIVE OPERATIVES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: REPORTED TO HAVE HAD TIES TO ACTION DIRECTE IN FRANCE AND TO THE RED BRIGADES IN ITALY. GRAPO MAY ALSO HAVE TIES TO THE RED ARMY FACTION IN GERMANY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATE FORMED: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * VIOLENTLY OVERTHROW THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT AND ESTABLISH A MAOIST STATE; * OPPOSE SPAIN'S PARTICIPATION IN NATO AND U.S. PRESENCE IN SPAIN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: GRAPO WAS ESTABLISHED AS THE "MILITARY" ARM OF THE OUTLAWED COMMUNIST PARTY OF SPAIN - RECONSTITUTED (PCE-R), WHICH IS A SPLINTER GROUP OF THE OFFICIAL AND RECOGNIZED COMMUNIST PARTY OF SPAIN (PCE). AN URBAN-ORIENTED GROUP, GRAPO HAS COMMITTED ASSASSINATIONS, BOMBINGS, AND KIDNAPPINGS AGAINST SPANISH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES. ON OCCASION IT ALSO HAS ATTACKED U.S. INTERESTS. THE GROUP APPEARS TO HAVE PREFERRED AMBUSHES USING AUTOMATIC WEAPONS. LIKE THE ETA, THE OTHER MAJOR SPANISH TERRORIST GROUP, GRAPO HAS FINANCED ITS OPERATIONS THROUGH KIDNAPS FOR RANSOM, BANK ROBBERIES, AND EXTORTING "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES" FROM INDIVIDUALS AND BUSINESSES. THESE SOURCES OF FUNDS HAVE PROVEN ADEQUATE FOR FINANCING GRAPO'S RANGE OF OPERATIONS AND FOR PROCURING WEAPONS AND EXPLOSIVES. DIRECT TIES BETWEEN GRAPO AND FOREIGN TERRORIST GROUPS OR STATE SPONSORS HAVE NOT BEEN DEFINITIVELY ESTABLISHED. GRAPO, HOWEVER, HAS MADE PUBLIC STATEMENTS IN SUPPORT OF A NUMBER OF OTHER TERRORIST GROUPS, INCLUDING THE RED BRIGADES AND THE RED ARMY FACTION. GRAPO'S STRUCTURE HAS BEEN BASED ON A CELLULAR CONCEPT FOR MAXIMUM INTERNAL SECURITY. THESE CELLS ARE PROBABLY QUITE SMALL IN VIEW OF THE GROUP'S LIMITED NUMBERS. GRAPO MEMBERS ARE EITHER "LEGAL COMMANDOS" OR "LIBERATED COMMANDOS." THE LEGAL COMMANDOS, UNKNOWN TO POLICE, LEAD APPARENTLY NORMAL LIVES AND PERIODICALLY CARRY OUT TERRORIST ACTIONS. THE LIBERATED COMMANDOS ARE FULL-TIME MEMBERS WHO ARE KNOWN TO THE AUTHORITIES AND WHO LIVE UNDERGROUND. SUCCESSFUL SPANISH POLICE OPERATIONS IN RECENT YEARS HAVE LED TO THE ARREST OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT GRAPO MEMBERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JANUARY, 1977: KIDNAPPED THE PRESIDENT OF THE SUPREME MILITARY TRIBUNAL AND THE FORMER ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF. HE WAS RESCUED IN A POLICE RAID THE FOLLOWING MONTH. MAY, 1977: BOMBED THE U.S. CULTURAL CENTER IN MADRID ON THE DAY THAT VICE PRESIDENT WALTER MONDALE ARRIVED FOR AN OFFICIAL VISIT. MARCH, 1978: ASSASSINATED THE DIRECTOR OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN MADRID. MARCH, 1979: ASSASSINATED A SEMI-RETIRED SPANISH BRIGADIER GENERAL IN MADRID AND CLAIMED THE ATTACK WAS IN PROTEST TO SPAIN'S PENDING ENTRY INTO NATO. MAY, 1979: KILLED 8 AND WOUNDED 40 IN A BOMBING AT A MADRID CAFE FREQUENTED BY RIGHTISTS. SEPTEMBER, 1980: KILLED A GENERAL AND WOUNDED HIS AIDE AND DRIVER IN A MACHINEGUN ATTACK IN BARCELONA. APRIL, 1982: AMBUSHED TWO POLICE OFFICERS IN BARCELONA, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING THE OTHER AUGUST, 1982: BOMBED THE BANK OF AMERICA IN MADRID AND THE SEARS BUILDING IN BARCELONA. MAY, 1983: SHOT AND KILLED A CIVIL GUARDSMAN IN A SCHOOLBUS IN LA CORUNA, NORTHERN SPAIN. JANUARY, 1984: SHOT AND KILLED TWO POLICEMEN IN MADRID. APRIL, 1984: KIDNAPPED A BANK OFFICIAL AND RELEASED HIM AFTER A LARGE RANSOM WAS REPORTEDLY PAID. JULY, 1984: ROBBED THE FRENCH BANK CREDIT LYONNAIS IN BARCELONA OF 300,000 PESETAS. THE ROBBERS DETONATED A BOMB THAT COMPLETELY DESTROYED THE BANK AND INJURED ONE PERSON. JULY-AUGUST, 1984: DETONATED A SERIES OF 15 BOMBS IN SEVERAL CITIES, CAUSING EXTENSIVE PROPERTY DAMAGE TO A FRENCH BANK, A FRENCH CONSULATE, AND THE GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY, AMONG OTHERS. NO INJURIES WERE SUSTAINED. SEPTEMBER, 1984: MURDERED THE PRESIDENT OF THE SEVILLE ASSOCIATION OF BUSINESSMEN. SEPTEMBER, 1984: IN MADRID, MURDERED THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF A LARGE REAL ESTATE COMPANY. SEPTEMBER, 1984: KIDNAPPED THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF A COMPANY, WHO WAS FORCED TO WRITE A BANK DRAFT FOR ABOUT $30,000. A COMPANY EMPLOYEE WAS THEN KIDNAPPED AND FORCED TO CASH THE DRAFT. THE VICTIMS WERE THEN RELEASED AND THE TERRORISTS ESCAPED. JULY, 1987: SHOT AND SEVERELY INJURED A POLICE OFFICER WHO WAS STANDING WATCH IN FRONT OF A POLICE STATION. MARCH, 1989: TWO CIVIL GUARDS MEMBERS WERE SHOT TO DEATH IN THE COURSE OF A BANK ROBBERY BY GRAPO MEMBERS. DECEMBER, 1989: TWO CIVIL GUARD MEMBERS WERE SHOT TO DEATH WHILE THEY WERE ON GUARD AT A GOVERNMENT BUILDING IN GIJON. MARCH, 1990: GRAPO TERRORISTS SHOT AND KILLED A PHYSICIAN WHO WAS INVOLVED IN THE FORCED FEEDING OF AN IMPRISONED GRAPO TERRORIST WHO WAS ENGAGED IN A HUNGER STRIKE. SEPTEMBER, 1990: THREE BUILDINGS IN MADRID WERE BOMBED: THE STOCK EXCHANGE, IN WHICH SIX PERSONS WERE INJURED; THE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND FINANCE; AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT BUILDING. NOVEMBER, 1990: GRAPO BOMBED TWO GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS IN BARCELONA AS POLICE AND SECURITY OFFICIALS BEGAN A TWO DAY MEETING TO DISCUSS SECURITY FOR THE BARCELONA OLYMPICS. DECEMBER, 1990: A GRAPO CAR BOMB KILLED SIX POLICE OFFICERS, AND WOUNDED TWO OFFICERS AND EIGHT CIVILIANS IN THE CITY OF SABADELL, 18 MILES NORTH OF BARCELONA. NOVEMBER, 1991: SPANISH SECURITY OFFICIALS ANNOUNCED THAT TWO GRAPO MEMBERS WHO WERE ARRESTED IN MADRID HAD PLANNED TO CARRY OUT A BOMB ATTACK AT THE SITE OF EXPO 92 IN SEVILLE. FEBRUARY, 1992: GRAPO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A GAS PIPELINE WHICH RUNS BETWEEN ZARAGOZA AND ROTA. A PORTION OF THE ZARAGOZA-VALENCIA HIGHWAY WAS FORCED TO CLOSE FOR SEVERAL HOURS, AND APPROXIMATELY 50,000 HOMES WERE TEMPORARILY WITHOUT GAS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 14 Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG) title Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG) Date Formed: 1982. Estimated Membership: An estimated 1,500 guerrillas from various groups. The URNG is a loose coalition of three of the major insurgent groups in Guatemala that have used terrorist tactics - the Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORA), the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), and the Rebel Armed Forces (FAR). Headquarters: Delegations in Mexico City, Havana, and Managua. Area of Operations: Rural Guatemala, with the OPR in the southwest, the EGP mainly in the northwest highlands, and the FAR in the extreme north in Peten Department. Leadership: Leaders of each group are believed to form the joint leadership of the URNG, including Rodrigo Asturias Amado ("Gaspar Ilom") of the ORPA, Jorge Soto Garcia ("Pablo Monsanto") of the FAR, and Ricardo Ramirez de Leon ("Rolando Moran") of the EGP. Other Names: Political arm is known as the Guatemalan Committee for Patriotic Unity (CGUP). Sometimes claims operations in the name of any of its individual component groups. Sponsors: Cuba. Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Unit the guerrillas and revolutionary front organizations into a broad coalition to achieve the unity necessary to launch a "people's revolutionary war." * Defeat the "power of national and foreign wealth and install a patriotic, revolutionary, and democratic people's government." Background In 1980, the three groups of the URNG signed a unity agreement that was a precondition for increased Cuban support. The URNG was formalized in Havana in February 1982. As a result, the Government of Guatemala launched a large counteroffensive in an attempt to eliminate the guerrillas' popular support base. By the end of that year, the guerrillas were on the defensive and decreased activity for the next two years. In February 1985, they announced "a new stage of military struggle" but showed no evidence of being able to expand their operations. Cooperation and coordination among the groups is incomplete and irregular. Nonetheless, the URNG stresses joint political-military operations and coordination among its member groups on matters pertaining to territorial responsibilities, tactics, strategy, and external support. Cooperation between groups seems to work best in rural areas, mainly among the ORPA and the FAR. Cuba has assisted the URNG by supplying various groups with Western-made weapons such as assault rifles, recoilless rifles, machineguns, grenade launchers, and mortars, as well as Chinese-made Type-56 RPG-2 rocket launchers. In the 1960s, Cuba provided a great deal of aid, including weapons, training, logistic, political, and propaganda support to the FAR, the first of the Guatemalan groups to be formed. Recent Cuban support is suspected to be limited to minor financial aid for black market arms purchases. Nicaragua is believed to provide some aid. URNG groups also have ties with various Latin American terrorist organizations and solidarity movements in Latin America, Canada, the United States, and Europe. All three member groups of the URNG are anti-U.S. and have taken part in operations such as assassinations of civilians and economic sabotage, though most of their activities have been directed at the Army. The FAR is the oldest and most established of the organizations and seems to recover rapidly from serious losses, though it has not been as severely threatened as have the ORPA and the EGP. When guerrilla activity is too difficult to undertake, the FAR seems the most willing to resort to terrorist operations to remind the country that it still exists. A separate list of the FAR's activities is provided below. Selected Incident Chronology December 1983 - Hurled a fragmentation grenade at the Salvadoran Embassy in Guatemala City, causing material damage only. January 1984 - Attacked the official residence of junta leader General Oscar Mejia Victores with machineguns and grenade launchers. January 1985 - Occupied four towns in El Peten Department during a 3-day period and destroyed a Government vehicle transporting road construction materials. October 1985 - Blew up a light aircraft when it tried to land on a mined airstrip of the Panama Farm in Suchitepquez Department, killing the Norwegian Consul in Guatemala. FAR Attacks January 1968 - Machine-gunned and killed the head of the U.S. Military Mission and the U.S. Naval Attache in Guatemala City. Two other members of the U.S. Military Mission were wounded in the attack. August 1968 - Assassinated U.S. Ambassador John Gordon Mein on a Guatemala City street after he resisted an apparent kidnaping attempt. March 1979 - Assassinated an industrialist/landowner in Guatemala City who was the manager of two Us-owned enterprises in Huehuetenango. February 1985 - Occupied seven villages and terrorized a U.S. oil company camp in El Peten Department. July 1985 - Occupied the camp of a foreign oil company, two towns, and two highway sections. Clashed with Army troops in northern El Peten. February 1986 - Occupied the Hispanoil oil-drilling camp in El Peten and carried out sabotage actions. March 1986 - Occupied the Chinaja oil well in Alta Verapaz Department and carried out sabotage actions. May 1986 - Occupied several towns, sabotaged a pipeline, and attacked an Army company in El Peten. March 1991 - Admitted firing on the helicopter carrying Guatemala's new president, Jorge Serrano Elias, but claimed they thought the helicopter was carrying out rocket attacks against guerrilla columns. Terror Groups 15 HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) title HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) Description HAMAS was formed in late 1987 as an outgrowth of the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood and has become Fatah's principal political rival in the occupied territories. Various elements of HA-KAS have used both political and violent means, including terrorism, to pursue the goal of establishing an Islamic Palestinian state in place of Israel. HAMAS is loosely structured, with some elements working openly through mosques and social service institutions to recruit members, raise money, organize activities, and distribute propaganda. Militant elements of HAMAS, operating clandestinely, have advocated and used violence to advance their goals. HAMAS's strength is concentrated in the Gaza Strip and a few areas of the West Bank. It has also engaged in peaceful political activity, such as running candidates in West Bank chamber of commerce elections. Activities HAMAS activists--especially those in the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Forces--have conducted many attacks against Israeli civilian and military targets, suspected Palestinian collaborators, and Fatah rivals. Strength Unknown number of hardcore members; tens of thousands of supporters and sympathizers. Location/Area of Operations Primarily the occupied territories, Israel, and Jordan. External Aid Receives funding from Palestinian expatriates, Iran, and private benefactors in Saudi Arabia and other moderate Arab states. Some fundraising and propaganda activity take place in Western Europe and North America. June 26 1995: Suicide bomber detonated a cart wounding three Israeli soldiers. Ma'wya Roka was said to be a member of HAMAS. June 6, 1995: 45 activists of the militant Islamic group HAMAS arrested. May 15, 1995: Sayid Abu Musameh, a high-ranking Hamas official, was convicted and sentenced for writing "seditious" newspaper articles. March 1995: Abd a-Samed Harizat, of HAMAS, died in detention at the hands Shin Bet. 1994: More than 100 civilians died in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza last year due to activities of HAMAS or PIJ (Palestinian Islamic Jihad). Terror Groups 16 HAWARI GROUP title HAWARI GROUP 10/28/92 GP00036 KEY WORDS: FATAH SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP; MARTYRS OF TAL AL ZA'ATAR; AMN ARAISSI DESCRIPTION: PART OF ARAFAT'S FATAH APPARATUS, THE GROUP IS NAMED AFTER ITS LEADER, COMMONLY KNOWN AS COLONEL HAWARI, WHO DIED IN AN AUTOMOBILE CRASH IN MAY, 1991, WHILE TRAVELING FROM BAGHDAD TO JORDAN. THE GROUP HAS TIES HISTORICALLY TO IRAQ. MEMBERSHIP INCLUDES FORMER MEMBERS OF THE RADICAL PALESTINIAN 15 MAY ORGANIZATION. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: CARRIED OUT SEVERAL ATTACKS IN 1985 AND 1986, MAINLY IN EUROPE AND USUALLY AGAINST SYRIAN TARGETS. THE HAWARI GROUP HAS ALSO TARGETED AMERICANS, MOST NOTABLY IN THE APRIL 1986 BOMBING OF TWA FLIGHT #840 OVER GREECE IN WHICH FOUR AMERICANS WERE KILLED. THE FUTURE OF THE GROUP IS UNCERTAIN FOLLOWING HAWARI'S DEATH. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: THE PLO IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF SUPPORT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT DOCUMENTATION. Terror Groups 17 Hizballah (Party of God) title Hizballah (Party of God) aka: Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine Description Radical Shia group formed in Lebanon; dedicated to creation of Iranian-style Islamic republic in Lebanon and removal of all non-Islamic influences from area. Strongly anti-West and antiIsrael. Closely allied with, and often directed by, Iran, but may have conducted rogue operations that were not approved by Tehran. Activities Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-US terrorist attacks, including the suicide truck-bombing of the US Embassy and US Marine barracks in Beirut in October 1983 and the US Embassy annex in Beirut in September 1984. Group also hijacked TWA 847 in 1985. Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping and detention of most, if not all, US and other Western hostages in Lebanon. Islamic Jihad publicly claimed responsibility for the carbombing of Israel's Embassy in Buenos Aires in March 1992. Strength Several thousand. Location/Area of Operation Operates in the Bekaa valley, the southern suburbs of Beirut, and southern Lebanon: has established cells in Europe, Africa, South America, North America, and elsewhere. External Aid Receives substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY APRIL,1983: COMMITTED SUICIDE CAR BOMB ATTACK ON THE U.S. EMBASSY IN BEIRUT, KILLING FORTY NINE AND WOUNDING 120. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. OCTOBER, 1983: SUICIDE DRIVERS DROVE TWO TRUCKS CARRYING HIGH EXPLOSIVES INTO THE U.S. MARINE AND FRENCH MILITARY BARRACKS IN BEIRUT, KILLING 241 U.S. AND 56 FRENCH. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. NOVEMBER, 1983: A HIZBALLAH OPERATIVE DROVE A CAR BOMB INTO THE ISRAELI HEADQUARTERS IN TYRE, CAUSING NUMEROUS CASUALTIES. DECEMBER, 1983: STAGED A SERIES OF CAR BOMB ATTACKS AGAINST THE U.S. AND FRENCH EMBASSIES IN KUWAIT. JANUARY, 1984: MURDERED AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT PRESIDENT MALCOLM KERR, A U.S. CITIZEN. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JANUARY, 1984: KIDNAPPED A SAUDI DIPLOMAT; RELEASED MAY, 1985. FEBRUARY, 1984: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF FORMER IRANIAN GENERAL GHOLAM REZA OVEISI (MARTIAL LAW ADMINISTRATOR FOR TEHRAN UNDER THE SHAH) AND HIS BROTHER IN PARIS. FEBRUARY, 1984: KIDNAPPED U.S. PROFESSOR FRANK REIGER; RESCUED APRIL 1984. MARCH, 1984: KIDNAPPED U.S. JOURNALIST JEREMY LEVIN; ESCAPED FEBRUARY 1985. MARCH, 1984: KIDNAPPED WILLIAM BUCKLEY, U.S. DIPLOMAT STATIONED IN BEIRUT. HE WAS REPORTED KILLED IN 1985. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. BUCKLEY'S REMAINS WERE RETURNED TO THE U.S. EMBASSY IN 12/91. MAY, 1984: KIDNAPPED REVEREND BENJAMIN WEIR, A U.S. CITIZEN; RELEASED IN SEPTEMBER, 1985. SEPTEMBER, 1984: COMMITTED SUICIDE TRUCK BOMBING OF THE U.S. EMBASSY ANNEX IN EAST BEIRUT. TWENTY THREE PERSONS, INCLUDING TWO AMERICANS, WERE KILLED. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. DECEMBER, 1984: HIJACKED KUWAIT AIR FLIGHT #221 TO TEHRAN. MURDERED TWO OFFICIALS OF THE U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. JANUARY, 1985: KIDNAPPED FATHER LAWRENCE JENCO, U.S. CITIZEN; RELEASED IN JULY 1986. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MARCH, 1985: KIDNAPPED GEOFFREY NASH, UK CITIZEN; RELEASED SHORTLY THEREAFTER. MARCH, 1985: KIDNAPPED BRIAN LEVICK, UK CITIZEN, RELEASED SHORTLY THEREAFTER. MARCH, 1985: KIDNAPPED AP JOURNALIST TERRY ANDERSON, U.S. CITIZEN. RELEASED IN DECEMBER, 1991. MAY, 1985: KIDNAPPED TWO FRENCH CITIZENS; ONE WAS KILLED IN MARCH, 1986 AND THE OTHER WAS SUBSEQUENTLY RELEASED. MAY, 1985: KIDNAPPED DAVID JACOBSON, U.S. CITIZEN, OFFICIAL AT AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT; RELEASED NOVEMBER, 1986. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MAY, 1985: MURDER OF DENNIS HILL, U.K. CITIZEN. HIZBALLAH SUSPECTED. JUNE, 1985: KIDNAPPED THOMAS SUTHERLAND, U.S. CITIZEN, OFFICIAL AT AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT. RELEASED IN NOVEMBER, 1991. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JUNE, 1985: HIJACKED TWA FLIGHT #847 EN ROUTE TO ATHENS. U.S. NAVY DIVER ROBERT STETHEM MURDERED. HIZBALLAH AND AMAL HELD 39 U.S. CITIZENS HOSTAGE FOR 17 DAYS IN BEIRUT BEFORE THEY WERE RELEASED. JULY, 1985: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBINGS OF AN AIRLINE OFFICE AND A SYNAGOGUE IN COPENHAGEN. ONE PERSON WAS KILLED AND TWENTY SIX WERE INJURED. DECEMBER, 1985: IMPLICATED IN A SERIES OF BOMBINGS IN PARIS. MARCH, 1986: KIDNAPPED FOUR FRENCH TELEVISION NEWS TEAM MEMBERS. THEY WERE RELEASED BETWEEN JUNE, 1986 AND NOVEMBER, 1987. SEPTEMBER, 1986: KIDNAPPED FRANK REED, U.S. CITIZEN. RELEASED APRIL, 1990. SEPTEMBER, 1986: KIDNAPPED U.S. CITIZEN JOSEPH CICIPPIO. RELEASED DECEMBER, 1991. SEPTEMBER, 1986: HIZBALLAH SUSPECTED IN THE MURDER OF COLONEL CHRISTIAN GOUTIERRE, FRENCH MILITARY ATTACHE IN BEIRUT. SEPTEMBER, 1986: SUSPECTED IN A SERIES OF PARIS BOMBINGS. OCTOBER, 1986: KIDNAPPED EDWARD AUSTIN TRACY, U.S. CITIZEN. RELEASED AUGUST 1991. REVOLUTIONARY JUSTICE ORGANIZATION CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JANUARY, 1987: KIDNAPPED ANGLICAN CHURCH ENVOY TERRY WAITE. RELEASED NOVEMBER 1991. JANUARY, 1987: KIDNAPPED BEIRUT UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS JESSE TURNER, ALAN STEEN, ROBERT POLHILL - U.S. CITIZENS - AND M. SINGH. SINGH WAS RELEASED IN OCTOBER, 1988. TURNER WAS RELEASED IN OCTOBER 1991, STEEN WAS RELEASED IN DECEMBER 1991, AND POLHILL WAS RELEASED IN APRIL 1990. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OPPRESSED OF THE EARTH CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1987: A SUSPECTED HIZBALLAH MEMBER HIJACKED AN AIR AFRIQUE FLIGHT BETWEEN ROME AND PARIS. THE SUSPECT HAD BOARDED THE FLIGHT IN BRAZZAVILLE. ONE FRENCH CITIZEN WAS MURDERED BEFORE THE HIJACKER WAS OVER- POWERED BY A MEMBER OF THE CABIN CREW. FEBRUARY, 1988: KIDNAPPED UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER AND U.S. MARINE LT. COLONEL RICHARD HIGGINS. LTC HIGGINS WAS SUBSEQUENTLY MURDERED (DATE UNKNOWN). HIS REMAINS WERE HANDED OVER TO THE AMERICAN EMBASSY IN BEIRUT IN DECEMBER 1991. APRIL, 1988: HIJACKED KUWAITI AIRWAYS FLIGHT #422 ENROUTE FROM BANGKOK TO KUWAIT. PLANE INITIALLY DIVERTED TO MASHAD, IRAN, THEN TO CYPRUS, AND FINALLY TO ALGIERS. TWO HOSTAGES WERE MURDERED DURING THE INCIDENT. THE HIJACKERS ESCAPED IN ALGIERS. OCTOBER, 1990: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A CAR BOMBING IN ANKARA, TURKEY, WHICH SERIOUSLY WOUNDED A SAUDI DIPLOMAT. NOVEMBER, 1990: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER IN BEIRUT OF A SAUDI DIPLOMAT. MARCH, 1991: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A CAR BOMBING IN ANKARA, IN WHICH AN IRAQI DIPLOMAT WAS INJURED. MARCH, 1992: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE ISRAELI EMBASSY IN BUENOS AIRES, IN WHICH 29 PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND 252 INJURED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 18 IRAULTZA title IRAULTZA 10/28/92 GP00034 KEY WORDS: BASQUE ARMED REVOLUTIONARY WORKER'S ORGANIZATION; REVOLUTION; IRAULTZA-ASKE; IA; FREE REVOLUTION.DATE FORMED: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ESTIMATED MEMBERSHIP: LESS THAN 2 DOZEN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- AREA OF OPERATION: BASQUE PROVINCES OF SPAIN: VIZCAYA; ALAVA; NAVARRA; GUIPUZCOA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCE: * ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT, MARXIST BASQUE NATION; * END FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE BASQUE REGION; * PROTEST U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, ESPECIALLY IN LATIN AMERICA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT IRAULTZA, AND ITS ORIGINS ARE OBSCURE. MARXIST AND STRONGLY ANTI-U.S., IRAULTZA SEEKS TO ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT, MARXIST BASQUE NATION AND TO END FOREIGN, ESPECIALLY U.S., INVESTMENT IN THE BASQUE REGION. IN ADDITION, THE GROUP OPPOSES U.S. FOREIGN POLICY; PARTICULARLY TOWARD LATIN AMERICA, EXPRESSING SOLIDARITY WITH RADICAL LEFTISTS THERE. ALTHOUGH IRAULTZA IS BELIEVED TO BE QUITE A SMALL ORGANIZATION, IT HAS COMMITTED BOMBINGS AGAINST U.S. AND FRENCH ECONOMIC AND CORPORATE INTERESTS IN THE BASQUE REGION. THE GROUP HAS PROBABLY COMMITTED MORE BOMBINGS AGAINST U.S. BUSINESS INTERESTS THAN ANY OTHER EUROPEAN TERRORIST GROUP. ANONYMOUS CALLERS CLAIMING RESPONSIBILITY FOR IRAULTZA BOMBINGS HAVE VOICED OPPOSITION TO U.S. AID TO THE NICARAGUAN RESISTANCE, U.S. ACTIONS IN GRENADA AND LEBANON, AND SPAIN'S PARTICIPATION IN NATO. IRAULTZA MEMBERS TYPICALLY PLACE SMALL, UNSOPHISTICATED BOMBS ON THE SIDEWALK OR IN THE STREET OUTSIDE THE INTENDED TARGET, OFTEN LATE AT NIGHT. ALTHOUGH AN ANONYMOUS CALLER THEN USUALLY WARNS THE POLICE OF THE BOMB'S PRESENCE, THERE HAS USUALLY NOT BEEN ENOUGH TIME FOR THE AUTHORITIES TO REACT BEFORE THE BOMB DETONATES. WHILE INTENDING TO CAUSE ONLY PROPERTY DAMAGE, IRAULTZA "MIDNIGHT" BOMBS HAVE INJURED AND KILLED SEVERAL PEOPLE. THERE IS LITTLE OR NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE GROUP'S LEADERSHIP, ORGANIZATION, OR SOURCES OF FUNDING. SINCE THE GROUP IS QUITE SMALL AND ITS BOMBS ARE SIMPLE, IRAULTZA LIKELY SURVIVES ON MONEY SUPPLIED BY SUPPORTERS AND POSSIBLY THROUGH SMALL-SCALE EXTORTION. ALTHOUGH CURRENTLY CONSIDERED A MINOR GROUP, IRAULTZA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME A MORE SERIOUS THREAT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1982: BOMBED THE STOCK MARKET AND A BANK IN BILBAO - NO INJURIES. FEBRUARY, 1983: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTEMPTED BOMBING OF THE RANK XEROX OFFICES IN BILBAO. POLICE DISARMED THE BOMB. APRIL, 1983: BOMBED THE RANK XEROX OFFICE IN PAMPLONA - NO INJURIES. MAY, 1983: BOMBED THREE BANKS IN THE BASQUE PROVINCE OF GUIPUZCOA. MAY, 1983: BOMBED THE RANK XEROX OFFICE IN BILBAO - NO INJURIES. JUNE, 1983: BOMBED A GENERAL MOTORS AFFILIATED COMPANY IN SAN SEBASTIAN TO PROTEST U.S. INVESTMENT IN THE BASQUE REGION AND A VISIT BY THE PRIME MINISTER OF SPAIN TO THE UNITED STATES. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1983: BOMBED THE BILBAO OFFICES OF THE BANK OF AMERICA AND RANK XEROX IN PROTEST OF U.S. ACTIONS IN GRENADA AND THE PRESENCE OF U.S. MARINES IN LEBANON. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1983: BOMBED A COCA COLA BOTTLING PLANT IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. DECEMBER, 1983: BOMBED THE IBM OFFICE IN VITORIA, THE 3M OFFICE IN BILBAO, AND THE NCR AND COCA COLA OFFICES IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. DECEMBER, 1983: BOMBED THE HISPANOAMERICAN CULTURAL CENTER IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. THE CENTER IS NOT AFFILIATED WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. JANUARY, 1984: BOMBED A FORD DEALERSHIP IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1984: BOMBED THE IBM OFFICES IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1985: BOMBED A BILBAO MOVIE THEATRE THAT WAS SHOWING AN AMERICAN WAR FILM. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. FEBRUARY, 1985: BOMBED THE FIRESTONE OFFICE IN BILBAO TO COMMEMORATE THE DEATH OF A GROUP MEMBER AND "IN SOLIDARITY WITH THE PEOPLE OF LATIN AMERICA AND ITS STRUGGLE AGAINST US IMPERIALISM." THERE WERE NO INJURIES. MAY, 1985: BOMBED THE HERTZ AND AVIS OFFICES IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1985: BOMBED THE OFFICES OF HONEYWELL BULL IN SAN SEBASTIAN - NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1986: BOMBED THE OFFICES OF RANK XEROX IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. FEBRUARY, 1986: BOMBED THE VITORIA CITY BRANCH OF THE CITIBANK ON "BEHALF OF THE ANTI-NATO MOVEMENT." THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JUNE, 1986: BOMBED THE OFFICES OF 3M IN BILBAO TO PROTEST U.S. AID TO THE NICARAGUAN RESISTANCE. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JUNE, 1986: BOMBED A BILBAO CONSTRUCTION SITE TO PROTEST THE BUILDING OF A WASTE TREATMENT PLANT, KILLING A WORKER WHEN THE BOMB, SET TO DETONATE AT NIGHT, EXPLODED DURING WORKING HOURS. MARCH, 1987: BOMBED THE NCR OFFICES IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. MARCH, 1988: BOMBED A FORD SHOWROOM IN VITORIA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JUNE, 1989: BOMBED A CITIBANK OFFICE IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. DECEMBER, 1989: BOMBED A FORD DEALERSHIP IN VITORIA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1990: BOMBED A FORD DEALERSHIP IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. MAY, 1990: BOMBED TWO TRUCKS AT A CONSTRUCTION SITE OF THE NAVARRA-GUIPUZCOA HIGHWAY PROJECT. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. APRIL, 1991: THREE PERSONS WERE KILLED NEAR BILBAO WHEN THE BOMB THEY WERE CARRYING EXPLODED PREMATURELY. THE THREE WERE MEMBERS OF IRAULTZA. OCTOBER, 1991: A BANK IN A BILBAO SUBURB WAS FIREBOMBED. POLICE ATTRIBUTED THE INCIDENT TO A GROUP CALLING ITSELF "IRAULTZA-ASKE" (IA) OR "FREE" IRAULTZA, WHICH IS A NEW FACTION OF IRAULTZA AND IS CONSIDERED BY POLICE AS POTENTIALLY THE MOST VIOLENT FACTION OF THE GROUP ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- INFORMATION DERIVED FROM DEFENSE DEPARTMENT AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 19 Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) title Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) Date Formed: 1975. Estimated Membership: Less than 20. Headquarters: Dublin. Area of Operations: No significant rural presence in Northern Ireland, but active in urban areas such as Belfast and Londonderry. Leadership: Dominic McGlinchey (killed in 1987), Harry Flynn (arrested in France in 1986), Gerard Steenson (killed in 1987), Thomas Power (killed in 1987). Other Names: None. Sponsors: None Known. Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Form a united 32-county Socialist Republic in Ireland. * Oust the British from Northern Ireland through violence, and overthrow the elected Government of the Republic of Ireland. Background The INLA is the military arm of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP), a political splinter group of the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA). The late Seamus Costello, the OIRA Adjutant General, was expelled from the OIRA in 1974 and that same year, with other OIRA dissidents, founded the IRSP The IRSP denies its connection with the INLA, but its newspaper The Starry Plough, reports INLA military operations, and the relationship between the two groups is clear. The INLA is widely regarded as more Marxist in orientation than the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). In the first few years following its creation, the INLA feuded with both wings (the OIRA and the PIRA) of the Irish Republican Army. Many militants were killed, including the IRSP's founder Seamus Costello, who was gunned down in 1977. Despite ideological and tactical differences, the INLA has collaborated with the PIRA. At one time, this cooperation reportedly involved regular weekly meetings. Occasional friction between the groups continues to occur, but their differences no longer erupt into the bloody killing seen in the mid-1970s. Although the INLA has engaged in bombings and shootings since 1975, it achieved widespread notoriety only after the March 1979 assassination of leading British Conservative Party member Airey Neave in Great Britain. This INLA action shocked British authorities. The attack was noteworthy because it represented an expansion of INLA activities outside of Ireland, and it used a sophisticated explosive device. In Northern Ireland, typical INLA operations include bombings and shootings, targeting British soldiers, members of Northern Ireland's security forces, Ulster government officials, and members of loyalist political parties and paramilitary groups. The INLA has used a wide variety of handguns, machineguns, and grenades and tends to use commercially available explosives in its bombings. Bank, payroll, and train robberies both in Ulster and the Republic of Ireland appear to be the primary sources of INLA funding. The group apparently does not have the access to the international funding enjoyed by the PIRA and may have begun to resort to extortion to meet operational expenses. There is evidence of INLA contacts with the West German Revolutionary Cells and the French Direct Action (AD). RZ and INLA militants reportedly have exchanged visits. British sources claim that the explosives to have been used in INLA's aborted 1985 plot to bomb the Chelsea Barracks in London were stolen by AD members in France in 1984. In accordance with its Marxist ideology, the INLA also has expressed solidarity with numerous national liberation and terrorist movements throughout the world. Numerous arrests of INLA terrorists and testimony by "supergrass" informers (INLA and PIRA militants who inform on their former comrades) have reduced INLA operational capabilities significantly and caused the group to limit its activities. Problems in permitting the use of "supergrass" testimony in court, however led to the release in 1987 of many captured INLA militants. Upon their release, a bloody feud erupted over whether to disband the organization, and many militants were killed. Despite this preoccupation with internal leadership conflicts, the INLA remains a brutal and unpredictable organization. Selected Incident Chronology March 1979 - Assassinated Airey Neave, British Conservative Party member and spokesman on Northern Ireland, with a car bomb. November 1979 - Bombed the British Consulate in Antwerp, Belgium. April 1981 - Attempted to assassinate Kenneth Shimeld, Permanent Secretary of the Northern Ireland Office, with a booby-trap bomb. December 1982 - Bombed a crowded nightclub frequented by British soldiers in Ballykelly; 17 people were killed, 12 of them soldiers, and 66 were wounded. November 1983 - Fired into the congregation of the Mountain Lodge Gospel Hall in Dardley. Three people were killed and seven were injured. March 1985 - Exploded a car bomb near the Belfast site of an England-Northern Ireland soccer match. Police were alerted ahead of time and no injuries resulted. September 1986 - Placed a 50-pound bomb outside the British Legion Hall in County Down; it was defused by British Army personnel. January 1987 - Attempted to assassinate David Calvert, a prominent Unionist politician in Northern Ireland. January-June 1987 - At least six persons were murdered and three injured in internal power struggles among factions of the INLA. August 1992 - Alledged to have slain Jimmy Brown, leader of the rival Irish People's Liberation Organization Terror Groups 20 Japanese Red Army (JRA) title Japanese Red Army (JRA) aka: Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB) Description An international terrorist group formed around 1970 after breaking away from japanese communist League Red Army Faction. Now led by Fusako Shigenobu, believed to be in Syrian-garrisoned area of Lebanon's Bekaa Valley. Stated goals are to overthrow Japanese Government and monarchy and to help foment world revolution. Organization unclear but may control or at least have ties to Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB); may also have links to Antiwar Democratic Front--an overt leftist political organization--inside Japan. Details released following November 1987 arrest of leader Osamu Maruoka indicate that JRA may be organizing cells in Asian cities, such as Manila and Singapore. Has had close and longstanding relations with Palestinian terrorist groups--based and operating outside Japan--since its inception. Activities Before 1977, JRA carried out a series of brutal attacks over a wide geographical area, including the massacre of passengers at Lod airport in Israel (1972) and two Japanese airliner hijackings (1973 and 1977). Anti-US attacks include attempted takeover of US Embassy in Kuala Lumpur (1975). Since mid-1960s has carried out several crude rocket and mortar attacks against a number of US embassies. In April 1988, JRA operative Yu Kikumura was arrested with explosives on the New Jersey Turnpike, apparently planning an attack to coincide with the bombing of a USO club in Naples, a suspected JRA operation that killed five, including a us servicewoman. He was convicted of these charges and is serving a lengthy prison sentence in the United States. Strength About 30 hardcore members; undetermined number of sympathizers. Location/Area of Operation Based in Syrian-controlled areas of Lebanon; often transits Damascus. External Aid Receives aid, including training and base camp facilities, from radical Palestinian terrorists, especially the PFLP. May also receive aid from Libya. Suspected of having sympathizers and support apparatus in Japan. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1972: CARRIED OUT A MACHINEGUN AND GRENADE ATTACK AT LOD AIRPORT. THREE JRA MEMBERS KILLED 26 PEOPLE, INCLUDING 16 PUERTO RICAN PILGRIMS TO THE HOLY LAND. JANUARY - FEBRUARY, 1974: ATTACKED SHELL OIL REFINERY STORAGE TANKS IN SINGAPORE AND SEIZED A FERRYBOAT CREW AND HOSTAGES, ALL OF WHICH WERE RELEASED UNHARMED. SEPTEMBER, 1984: SEIZED 11 HOSTAGES AT THE FRENCH EMBASSY IN THE HAGUE. THE TERRORISTS DEMANDED, AND WERE PROVIDED, AN AIRLINER FOR TRANSPORT TO SYRIA. TWO DUTCH POLICE OFFICERS WERE WOUNDED IN THE COURSE OF THE INCIDENT. AUGUST, 1975: TEN MEMBERS OF THE JAPANESE RED ARMY TOOK OVER THE U.S. CONSULATE IN KUALA LUMPUR, AND SEIZED 52 HOSTAGES, INCLUDING THE CONSUL GENERAL AND THE SWEDISH CHARGE. THE TERRORISTS THREATENED TO BLOW UP THE BUILDING AND KILL THE HOSTAGES UNLESS SEVEN JRA PRISONERS IN JAPAN WERE RELEASED AND PROVIDED SAFE PASSAGE TO THE MIDDLE EAST. ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN WAS WILLING TO RELEASE THE PRISONERS, ONLY FIVE WERE WILLING TO GO; THEY WERE FLOWN TO TRIPOLI, LIBYA, BY WAY OF KUALA LUMPUR. SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER, 1977: HIJACKED A JAPAN AIRLINES PLANE IN BOMBAY AND FORCED IT TO LAND IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH. THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN AGREED TO RELEASE NINE IMPRISONED TERRORISTS AND TO PAY $6 MILLION IN EXCHANGE FOR THE RELEASE OF THE 159 HOSTAGES ABOARD THE PLANE. AFTER PAYMENT OF THE RANSOM AND THE RELEASE OF SIX JRA PRISONERS, THE HIJACKERS WERE FLOWN TO ALGERIA. MAY, 1986: JRA MEMBER YU KIKUMURA, 33, WAS ARRESTED FOR HAVING A BOMB IN HIS LUGGAGE AT THE SCHIPHOL AIRPORT IN AMSTERDAM. HE WAS LATER DEPORTED TO JAPAN. HE HAD BEEN A MEMBER OF THE "BLACK HELMET" (KURO HERO) RADICAL ORGANIZATION IN JAPAN BEFORE THAT GROUP JOINED FORCES WITH THE THE JRA IN THE SUMMER OF 1971. JUNE, 1986: INDONESIAN POLICE RELEASED PHOTOGRAPHS OF TSUTOMU SHIROSAKI, 38, A JRA MEMBER WHOSE FINGERPRINTS WERE FOUND IN A HOTEL ROOM FROM WHICH CRUDE MORTARS WERE FIRED AT THE JAPANESE AND U.S. EMBASSY BUILDINGS IN JAKARTA. SHIROSAKI WAS ALSO WANTED FOR A CAR BOMBING OUTSIDE THE CANADIAN EMBASSY IN JAKARTA IN MAY, 1986. THE ANTI-IMPERIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE (AIIB) CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JUNE, 1987: FIRED TWO ROCKETS AT THE BRITISH EMBASSY IN ROME. ABOUT THIRTY MINUTES LATER, JRA DETONATED A CAR BOMB ACROSS THE STREET FROM THE U.S. EMBASSY; AND WITHIN MINUTES LAUNCHED TWO HOME-MADE ROCKETS AT THE FRONT OF THE U.S. EMBASSY COMPOUND FROM A HOTEL BALCONY. NOVEMBER, 1987: OSAMU MARUOKA, A HIGH-RANKING JRA MEMBER, WAS ARRESTED IN TOKYO. EVIDENCE INDICATED THAT HE MAY HAVE BEEN ATTEMPTING TO ESTABLISH A BROADER BASE OF OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT IN EAST ASIA, POSSIBLY UNDER THE NAME OF THE "ANTIWAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT (ADF)." APRIL, 1988: JRA MEMBER YU KIKUMURA WAS ARRESTED IN NEW JERSEY WITH THREE BOMBS IN HIS POSSESSION. IT IS BELIEVED THAT HE PLANNED TO BOMB A TARGET IN THE NEW YORK AREA TO COINCIDE WITH THE JRA BOMBING IN NAPLES (SEE NEXT INCIDENT ENTRY). APRIL, 1988: A BOMB DETONATED IN FRONT OF THE U.S. SERVICEMEN'S CLUB IN NAPLES, ITALY, KILLING FIVE PERSONS, INCLUDING A U.S. SERVICEWOMAN. TWO JRA MEMBERS ARE THE MAIN SUSPECTS IN THE BOMBING, WHICH COINCIDED WITH THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE U.S. BOMBING RAID ON LIBYA IN 1986. JULY, 1988: ATTEMPTED TWO ROCKET ATTACKS, WITH MAKESHIFT LAUNCHERS, AGAINST THE U.S. EMBASSY IN MADRID, SPAIN. AIIB CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. NOTE: THE JRA HAS NOT CLAIMED ANY OF THESE MOST RECENT ATTACKS BUT IS SUSPECTED OF ACTING IN THE NAME OF THE ANTI-IMPERIALIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE (AIIB). THE AIIB HAS CARRIED OUT ROCKET ATTACKS ON THE U.S. EMBASSIES IN JAKARATA IN 1986 AND MADRID IN 1988, AS WELL AS A COORDINATED BOMB AND ROCKET ATTACK ON THE U.S. EMBASSY IN ROME IN JUNE 1987. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- INFORMATION DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 21 Jihad Group title Jihad Group aka: al-Jihad, Islamic Jihad, New Jihad Group, Vanguards of Conquest, Talaa'al-Fateh) Description An Egyptian Islamic extremist group active since the late 1970s; appears to be divided into at least two separate factions: remnants of the original iihad led by Abbud al-Zumar, currently imprisoned in Egypt, and a new faction calling itself Vanguards of Conquest (Talaa'al al-Fateh or the New Jihad Group), which appears to be led by Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is currently outside Egypt, specific whereabouts unknown. In addition to the Islamic Group, the Jihad factions regard Shaykh Omar Abdel Rahman as their spiritual leader. The goal of all Jihad factions is to overthrow the government of President Hosni Mubarak and replace it with an Islamic state. Activities The Jihad groups specialize in armed attacks against high-level Egyptian Government officials. The original iihad was responsible for the 1981 assassination of President Sadat. More recently, the newer iihad group led by Zawahiri claimed responsibility for the 18 August 1993 bomb attack in Cairo, which wounded Egyptian Interior Minister Hassan al-Alfi and killed five others, and the 25 November 1993 car-bomb attack in Cairo on Prime Minister Sidqi; although Sidqi was unhurt, a teenage girl was killed and 18 others were injured. Unlike the Islamic Group--which mainly targets mid-and lower-level security personnel, Coptic Christians, and Western tourists -- the Jihad group appears to concentrate primarily on high-level, high-profile Egyptian Government officials, including Cabinet Ministers. It also seems more technically sophisticated in its attacks than the al-Gama'a al- Islamiyya--notably in its use of car bombs. Strength Not known, but probably several thousand hardcore members and another several thousand sympathizers among the various factions. Location/Area of Operation Operates mainly in the Cairo area. Also appears to have members outside Egypt, probably in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Sudan. External Aid Not known. The Egyptian Government claims that Iran, Sudan, and militant Islamic groups in Afghanistan support the Jihad factions. 25 November 1993 Egypt A carbomb exploded near the motorcade of Prime Minister Atif Sedki; the prime Minister was unhurt but one bystander, a teen-aged girl, was killed and at least 18 persons wounded. The "Jihad Group" later claimed responsibility. Terror Groups 22 Kurdistan Workers Party or Kurdistan Labor Party (PKK) title Kurdistan Workers Party aka: Kurdistan Labor Party (PKK) Description Marxist-Leninist insurgent group comprised of Turkish Kurds established in 1974. In recent years has moved beyond rural- based insurgent activities to include urban terrorism. Seeks to set up an independent Marxist state in southeastern Turkey, where there is a predominantly Kurdish population. Activities Primary targets are Turkish Government forces and civilians in eastern Turkey but becoming increasingly active in Western Europe against Turkish targets. Conducted coordinated attacks on Turkish diplomatic and commercial facilities in dozens of Western European cities on 24 June and 4 November. In May 1993 began a campaign against Turkish tourism industry and kidnapped 19 Western tourists traveling in eastern Turkey in summer 1993; released all unharmed. Also bombed tourist sites and hotels in coastal resort cities. Strength Approximately 10,000 to 15,000 full-time guerrillas, 5,000 to 6,000 of whom are in Turkey; 60,000 to 75,000 part-time guerrillas; and hundreds of thousands of sympathizers in Turkey and Europe. Location/Area of Operation Operates in Turkey and Western Europe. External Aid Receives safehaven and modest aid from Syria, Iraq, and Iran. May 1995: Abdullah Ocalan leader of PKK negotiates with Turkey. Turkey's 11 struggle with PKK has cost 15,000 lives. April 1995: Released two journalists held for two months. March 1995: Turkey sends 35,00 troops to find the PKK in northern Iraq. 4 November 1993 Western Europe The PKK staged a second round of coordinated attacks against Turkish diplomatic and commercial facilities in six Western European countries. The assaults consisted mainly of firebombings and vandalism, but one person was killed and about 20 injured. 5 July to 14 October 1993 Turkey In eight separate incidents within this period, the PKK kidnapped a total of 19 Western tourists traveling in southeastern Turkey. The hostages, including U.S. citizen Colin Patrick Starger, were released unharmed after spending several weeks in captivity. 27 June 1993 Turkey Terrorists threw handgrenades at a number of hotels and restaurants frequented by tourists in the Mediterranean resort area of Antalya. Twelve foreigners were among the 28 persons injured. Earlier, on 9 June, PKK leader Abdulla Ocalan threatened that his group would start to use violence against tourist facilities in Western Turkey. 24 June 1993 Western Europe Terrorists from the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) staged a wave of coordinated attacks in more than 30 cities in six Western European countries. The attacks consisted primarily of vandalism against Turkish diplomatic and commercial targets, and included the take-over of one Turkish consulate. Terror Groups 23 Lautaro Youth Movement (MJL) title Lautaro Youth Movement (MJL) aka: The Lautaro faction of the United Popular Action Movement (MAPU/L) or Lautaro Popular Rebel Forces (FRPL) Description Violent, anti-US extremist group that advocates the overthrow of the Chilean Government. Leadership largely from leftist elements but includes criminals and alienated youths. Became active in late 1980s, but has been seriously weakened by government counterterrorist successes in recent years. Activities Has been linked to assassinations of policemen, bank robberies, and attacks on Mormon churches. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of operation Chile; mainly Santiago. External Aid None. 13 May 1993 Chile Three terrorists entered a Mormon church in Santiago, overpowered the Bishop, sprayed the church with fuel and set it afire. The church was completely destroyed. The terrorists left pamphlets at the scene in which the Mapu Lautaro group -- United Popular Action Movement -- claimed responsibility. Terror Groups 24 Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) title Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) Description Original FPMR was founded in 1983 as armed wing of Chilean Communist Party and named for hero of Chile's war of independence against Spain. Group splintered into two factions in late 1980s, one of which became a political party in 1991. Activities FPMR/D frequently attacks civilians and international targets, including US businesses and Mormon churches. In 1993, FPMR/D bombed two McDonalds' outlets and a Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise. Successful government counterterrorist operations have significantly undercut organization. Strength Now believed to have fewer than 500 members. Location/Area of Operation Chile. External Aid None. Selected Incident Chronology March 1984 - Carried out simultaneous bombing attacks in Santiago, Valparaiso, Concepcion, and San Antonio. Considerable property damage was done, seven people were injured, and dozens were arrested in riots that followed. April 1984 - Bombed a Santiago subway station, wounding 20. August 1984 - Bombed the U.S. Cultural Center in Valparaiso and two U.S. businesses in Santiago as part of a series of bomb attacks throughout central Chile. December 1984 - Kidnaped the assistant director of a pro-Government newspaper. March 1985 - Bombed offices of two U.S. banks, Citibank and Republic National, along with several Chilean facilities in Santiago and other cities. January 1986 - Believed responsible for the bombing of the US-Chilean Cultural Institute in Vina del Mar. April 1986 - Blacked out major portions of central Chile in an attack on electrical power facilities. April 1986 - Detonated a bomb by the perimeter wall of the U.S. Ambassador's residence in Santiago. August 1986 - Kidnaped a Chilean Army colonel - the first abduction of a high-ranking military officer since the 1973 coup. He was released three days later. August 1986 - Arms caches containing more than 3,100 weapons of U.S. and other manufacture were discovered in the area of Copiapo and Santiago. Witnesses presented by the Chilean Government indicate the weapons were smuggled ashore from Cuban fishing trawlers off the coast of Chile. September 1986 - Attempted to assassinate Chilean President Pinochet. Weapons used were of the same type found in the arms caches. November 1986 - Conducted a series of dynamite attacks against power lines, blacking out the main cities in central and southern Chile. February-March 1987 - Set off dynamite explosions at pylons and towers of the national high-voltage power network, blacking out areas of Santiago, Valparaiso, and Vina del Mar. March incident occurred as President Pinochet spoke on radio and television. April 1987 - Santiago police deactivated a powerful bomb discovered in the office of the prosecutor who tried 14 FPMR members and held them for five months. April 1987 - Gunmen briefly seized control of eight radio stations in four cities with the objective of playing a clandestine broadcast, ending a self-proclaimed truce during the visit of Pope John Paul II. An off-duty guard was killed attempting to stop the gunmen's escape. May 1987 - Detonated bombs that destroyed four high-tension towers, resulting in a general power outage at Copiapo and Valdivia. June 1987 - Conducted a machinegun and bomb attack at a Santiago printing company, injuring three. Two other incidents that day at two National Intelligence Center barracks caused little damage and no injuries. June 1987 - Ambushed police patrol cars in Santiago with machineguns and firebombs. These separate evening attacks wounded two policemen and several passersby. June 1987 - Staged several machinegun, bomb, and firebomb attacks against police, pro-Government media, and Government offices in Santiago and Talca, causing five injuries and costly damage. Although the FPMR attempted to use rockets in three incidents, two were deactivated before being remotely fired and one failed to explode when triggered. (The June attacks may have been retaliatory for the killing of 12 FPMR members by security agents on June 16.) July 1987 - Four gunmen shot and killed a policeman waiting for a bus on a Santiago street. (Possible FPMR responsibility.) September 1987 - Kidnaped Chilean Army Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Carreno in Santiago. He was released in December 1987 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. June 1990 - Assassinated Police Col. Luis Fontaine, former head of the antiterrorist department. February 1991 - Launched crude nonexplosive rockets at the Israeli Embassy and Ambassador Daniel Mokady's residence in apparent simpathy towards Iraq. July 1992 - The three alleged members of the left-wing Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front, arrested in October 1986, were sentenced to life in prison. Terror Groups 25 Morazanist Patriotic Front (FPM) title Morazanist Patriotic Front (FPM) Description A radical, leftist terrorist group that first appeared in the late 1980s. Attacks made in protest of US intervention in Honduran economic and political affairs. Activities Attacks on US, mainly military, personnel in Honduras. Claimed responsibility for attack on a bus in March 1990 that wounded seven US servicemen. Claimed bombing of Peace Corps office in December 1988, bus bombing that wounded three US servicemen in February 1989, attack on US convoy in April 1989, and grenade attack that wounded seven US soldiers in La Ceiba in July 1989. Strength Unknown, probably relatively small. Location/Area of Operation Honduras. External Aid Had ties to former Government of Nicaragua and possibly Cuba. Terror Groups 26 MOZAMBICAN NATIONAL RESISTANCE title MOZAMBICAN NATIONAL RESISTANCE 10/28/92 GP00002 KEY WORDS: RENAMO; RESISTENCIA NACIONAL MOCAMBICANA DESCRIPTION: ESTABLISHED IN 1976 BY THE RHODESIAN SECURITY SERVICES, PRIMARILY TO OPERATE AGAINST ANTI-RHODESIAN GUERRILLAS BASED IN MOZAMBIQUE. SOUTH AFRICA SUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED RENAMO INTO AN INSURGENT GROUP OPPOSING FRELIMO, THE FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF MOZAMBIQUE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: RENAMO OPERATES AS A GUERRILLA INSURGENCY AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT OF MOZAMBIQUE AS WELL AS CIVILIAN TARGETS; FREQUENTLY AND INCREASINGLY RUNS CROSS-BORDER OPERATIONS INTO ZIMBABWE, MALAWI, AND ZAMBIA, WHERE IT HAS MURDERED AND KIDNAPPED NUMEROUS CIVILIANS AND DESTROYED PROPERTY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: 20,000 GUERRILLAS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: ASSISTANCE PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED FROM SOUTH AFRICA AS WELL AS FROM PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS IN EUROPE AND ELSEWHERE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY SEPTEMBER, 1985: SUSPECTED RENAMO MEMBERS ATTACKED A U.S. OWNED FIRM. THIS WAS THE FIRST ATTACK ON A U.S. FIRM REPORTED IN MOZAMBIQUE. MARCH, 1986: SUSPECTED RENAMO MEMBERS KIDNAPPED A PORTUGESE NATIONAL AND AN ITALIAN NUN. RENAMO CLAIMED TO HAVE RELEASED THE HOSTAGES IN DECEMBER, 1986. NOVEMBER, 1986: RENAMO REBELS KIDANPPED THREE WEST GERMANS, A PORTUGESE, AND A BRITON, RELEASING THEM IN DECEMBER, 1986. MAY, 1987: RENAMO MEMBERS KIDNAPPED SEVEN FOREIGN MEDICAL RELIEF WORKERS. THE VICTIMS WERE RELEASED THREE MONTHS LATER IN MALAWI. DECEMBER, 1988: A MINE PLANTED BY RENAMO KILLED TWO PASSENGERS ON A TRAIN AND INJURED THIRTY-THREE OTHERS. JANUARY, 1989: RENAMO GUERRILLAS AMBUSHED AND KILLED A PORTUGESE CATHOLIC PRIEST. FEBRUARY, 1989: SEVEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND FORTY ONE WOUNDED DURING AN ATTACK ON A PASSENGER TRAIN BY RENAMO. MARCH, 1989: TWO ITALIAN MISSIONARIES AND EIGHT SOLDIERS WERE KILLED, ALONG WITH AN UNDETERMINED NUMBER OF VILLAGERS IN THE COURSE OF A RAID BY RENAMO. APRIL, 1989: SEVEN MINERS WERE KILLED AND THREE WERE WOUNDED DURING A RENAMO RAID. FOUR LOCOMOTIVES WERE DESTROYED IN THE ATTACK. APRIL, 1989: EIGHTEEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED DURING A RENAMO RAID ON A PASSENGER JUNE, 1989: EIGHTEEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND MORE THAN TWENTY WERE INJURED IN THE COURSE OF TWO SEPARATE RENAMO ATTACKS. JULY, 1989: RENAMO IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE AMBUSH AND MURDER OF A BRAZILIAN ENGINEER. NOVEMBER, 1989: RENAMO IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR AN ATTACK ON A SPANISH TUGBOAT AND THE KIDNAPPING OF FOUR CREW MEMBERS. MAY, 1990: A SWISS PHYSICIAN WAS AMBUSHED AND MURDERED BY SUSPECTED RENAMO GUERRILLAS. JUNE,1990 TWO OFFICIALS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC) WERE ABDUCTED BY RENAM0. THEY WERE RELEASED UNHARMED AFTER BEING HELD FOR TWO WEEKS. AUGUST, 1990: RENAMO INSURGENTS KILLED FOUR SOLDIERS AND WOUNDED EIGHT DURING A RAID ON A PASSENGER/CARGO TRAIN. OCTOBER, 1990: RENAMO REBELS KILLED ELEVEN PEOPLE WHEN THEY LAUNCHED AN ATTACK ON A TRADITIONAL MUSIC FESTIVAL. NOVEMBER, 1990: RENAMO REBELS KILLED FOUR PEOPLE AND ABDUCTED TWENTY-FIVE CHILDREN DURING A RAID ON A WEDDING PARTY. JANUARY, 1991: RENAMO REBELS AMBUSHED AND KILLED A PORTUGESE MISSIONARY. FEBRUARY, 1991: A COLOMBIAN PRIEST WAS MURDERED AND TWO CHILDREN WERE WOUNDED BY RENAMO. MARCH, 1991: RENAMO REBELS SABOTAGED RAIL LINES CAUSING THE DERAILMENT OF A FREIGHT TRAIN. MARCH, 1991: RENAMO REBELS AMBUSHED A TRUCK AND KILLED EIGHT PASSENGERS. APRIL, 1991: RENAMO REBELS MASSACRED FORTY VILLAGERS AND WOUNDED THIRTEEN OTHERS. NOVEMBER, 1991: SUSPECTED RENAMO FORCES ATTACKED THE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AT BEIRA, KILLING TWO PEOPLE AND DAMAGING THE AIRPORT'S COMMUNICATIONS CENTER. FEBRUARY, 1992: RENAMO REBELS ATTACKED A CONVOY CARRYING RELIEF SUPPLIES TO A DROUGHT-STRICKEN AREA KILLING THIRTY-THREE PERSONS, INCLUDING SIX SOLDIERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 27 National Liberation Army (ELN)--Colombia title National Liberation Army (ELN)--Colombia Description Rural-based, anti-US, Maoist-Marxist-Leninist guerrilla group formed in 1963. Attempted peace talks with the government ended in May 1992. Activities Periodically kidnaps foreign employees of large corporations and holds them for large ransom payments. Conducts frequent assaults on oil infrastructure and has inflicted major damage on pipelines since 1986. Extortion and bombings against US and other foreign businesses, especially the petroleum industry. Strength Has fallen off in recent years and now estimated at only about 700 combatants. Location/Area of Operation Colombia. External Aid None. 23 February 1993 Colombia Eight ELN terrorists kidnapped U.S. citizen Lewis Manning, an employee of the Colombian gold-mining company Oresom, in the Choco area. In December, the International Committee of the Red Cross received a photograph of the hostage as proof that he was still alive. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JANUARY, 1980: KIDNAPPED AN ENGLISHWOMAN AND HER SON FROM THEIR FARM IN CESAR DEPARTMENT, DEMANDING A $300,000 RANSOM. JANUARY, 1982: KIDNAPPED A DIPLOMAT ATTACHED TO THE EMBASSY OF HONDURAS IN BOGOTA TO PROTEST ALLEGED HONDURAN INTERFERENCE IN THE DOMESTIC AFFAIRS OF NICARAGUA AND EL SALVADOR. JULY, 1983: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A SERIES OF DYNAMITE ATTACKS IN COLOMBIA AS PART OF "OPERATION FREE CENTRAL AMERICA." THE SALVADORAN CONSULATE IN MEDELLIN AND TWO LOCAL POLICE OFFICES WERE THE TARGETS. NOVEMBER, 1983: KIDNAPPED THE BROTHER OF THE PRESIDENT OF COLOMBIA; BUT AFTER FIDEL CASTRO INTERVENED, THE VICTIM WAS RETURNED UNHARMED FIFTEEN DAYS LATER. MAY, 1984: SIX ELN MEMBERS RAIDED A GOLD MINE NEAR THE NORTHWESTERN TOWN OF SEGOVIA AND SEIZED THE EQUIVALENT OF ALMOST $90,000. JUNE, 1985: AMBUSHED AND KILLED EIGHT POLICEMEN NEAR THE VENEZUELAN BORDER. NOVEMBER, 1986: BOMBED A DREDGE IN THE NECHI RIVER IN COLOMBIA AND TEMPORARILY PARALYZED GOLD PRODUCTION IN THE AREA. DECEMBER, 1986: MADE NUMEROUS RAIDS AGAINST U.S.- ASSOCIATED OIL PRODUCTION SUBSIDIARIES, DESTROYING EQUIPMENT AND STEALING EXPLOSIVES. JANUARY-JUNE, 1987: CONTINUED TO TARGET COLOMBIA'S OIL PRODUCTION BY BLOWING UP SECTIONS OF PIPELINE AND ATTACKING OIL CAMPS. DURING THIS PERIOD, THE ELN MAY HAVE ATTAINED THE LEADERSHIP POSITION WITHIN THE NATIONAL GUERRILLA COORDINATOR, REPLACING M-19. APRIL-AUGUST, 1987: BOMBED OIL OPERATION LOCATIONS AND U.S.-COLOMBIAN TARGETS, CAUSING CONSIDERABLE PROPERTY DAMAGE. JUNE, 1987: AMBUSHED A VENEZUELAN NATIONAL GUARD UNIT ON AN ANTI-NARCOTICS MISSION NEAR THE COLOMBIAN BORDER. SEPTEMBER, 1987: ATTACKED A VENEZUELAN ARMY BORDER OUTPOST TO CAPTURE WEAPONS. OCTOBER, 1987: BOMBED THREE MORMON CHURCHES IN BOYACA AND A NAVAL FACILITY IN BARRANCABERMEJA. NOVEMBER, 1987: MURDERED SEVENTEEN POLICEMEN AND FOUR SOLDIERS IN SEPARATE AMBUSHES. FEBRUARY, 1988: DETONATED A CAR BOMB AT THE BOGOTA OFFICE OF A U.S. PETROLEUM COMPANY. MARCH, 1988: BOMBED A COLOMBIAN SUBSIDIARY OF A MAJOR U.S. BANKING FIRM IN BOGOTA. MAY, 1988: KIDNAPPED THE GERMAN HONORARY CONSULS IN MEDELLIN AND BUCARAMANGA, THE PRESIDENT OF THE SANTANDER DEPARTMENTAL ASSEMBLY IN BUCARAMANGA, THREE COLOMBIA JOURNALISTS IN BUCARAMANGA, THE FRENCH PRESS ATTACHE IN BOGOTA. FAILED TO CARRY OUT PLAN TO KIDNAP THE FRENCH HONORARY COUNSEL IN CALI AND THE PANAMANIAN CONSUL GENERAL IN CARTAGENA. ALL HOSTAGES RELEASED UNHARMED DURING MAY, 1988. JUNE, 1988: KIDNAPPED AN AMERICAN EMPLOYEE OF AN AMERICAN COMPANY. RELEASED UNHARMED IN NOVEMBER, 1988 AFTER REPORTED PAYMENT OF RANSOM. SEPTEMBER, 1988 DETONATED A CAR BOMB UNDER THE ARMORED VEHICLE OF A CANADIAN OIL COMPANY EXECUTIVE IN DOWNTOWN BOGOTA. THE TARGET WAS UNHURT, BUT A PASSERBY WAS SERIOUSLY INJURED. OCTOBER, 1988: TOWNS ATTACKED IN JOINT OPERATION WITH THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF COLOMBIA (FARC). AT LEAST THREE POLICE OFFICERS AND ONE CIVILIAN WERE KILLED. FIFTEEN POLICE OFFICERS, A PRIEST AND A NUN WERE KIDNAPPED. OCTOBER, 1988: KIDNAPPED A COLOMBIAN ANTHROPOLOGIST OF AMERICAN ORIGIN IN A NORTHERN JUNGLE AREA. THE VICTIM HAD BEEN ACCUSED OF BEING A CIA AGENT BECAUSE OF HIS WORK WITH THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION. HE WAS RELEASED UNHARMED IN JULY, 1989. DECEMBER, 1988: TOWN ATTACKED - ONE POLICE OFFICER AND THREE CIVILIANS WERE KILLED. FEBRUARY, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF COLOMBIA (FARC) AND THE POPULAR LIBERATION ARMY (EPL). FIVE POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED AND ELEVEN POLICE OFFICERS WERE KIDNAPPED. MARCH, 1989: KIDNAPPED AN AMERICAN FROM HER FAMILY'S RANCH. RELEASED UNHURT IN JUNE, 1989 AFTER A RANSOM PAYMENT. MARCH, 1989: KIDNAPPED THE CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF COLOMBIAN OIL DISTRIBUTORS. STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN. APRIL, 1989: KIDNAPPED FOUR SPANISH AND ITALIAN ENGINEERS EMPLOYED AT A HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT. STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN. APRIL, 1989: KIDNAPPED FIVE COLOMBIAN JOURNALISTS. RELEASED WITHIN A WEEK WITH A MESSAGE TO THE PUBLIC. JUNE, 1989: KIDNAPPED TWO COLOMBIAN AND ONE SPANISH JOURNALISTS. THEIR STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN. OCTOBER, 1989: KIDNAPPED A SPANISH BUSINESSMAN IN QUITO, ECUADOR. THE VICTIM HAD EXTENSIVE BUSINESS HOLDINGS IN COLOMBIA. RELEASED AFTER A RANSOM WAS REPORTEDLY PAID. OCTOBER, 1989: TOWNS ATTACKED IN JOINT OPERATIONS WITH FARC AND THE EPL. DECEMBER, 1989: KIDNAPPED A BRITISH CITIZEN RESIDENT IN COLOMBIA WHO WAS INVOLVED IN SUPPLYING ELECTRICAL POWER SUBSTATIONS TO OIL COMPANIES. HIS STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN. FEBRUARY, 1990: KIDNAPPED THREE RESIDENT AMERICANS AS A PROTEST TO THE ATTENDANCE OF PRESIDENT BUSH TO THE CARTAGENA DRUG SUMMIT. VICTIMS RELEASED UNHARMED APPROXIMATELY TWO WEEKS AFTER THEY HAD BEEN ABDUCTED. MAY, 1990: ATTACKED A CANADIAN-OWNED GOLD MINE NEAR ZARAGOZA, KILLED A COLOMBIAN ENGINEER AND KIDNAPPED THREE COMPANY EXECUTIVES (TWO COLOMBIANS AND A PERUVIAN). THE ELN PROMISED TO RELEASE THEIR HOSTAGES IF THE COMPANY WOULD CLOSE ITS DOORS. THE COMPANY STATED ITS INTENTION TO COMPLY AND THE HOSTAGES WERE RELEASED UNHARMED TWO WEEKS AFTER THEY HAD BEEN ABDUCTED. NOVEMBER, 1990: KIDNAPPED TWO COLOMBIAN AND THREE AMERICAN EMPLOYEES OF AN AMERICAN COMPANY. ONE COLOMBIAN WAS QUICKLY RELEASED WITH A MESSAGE TO THE AUTHORITIES. THE OTHER VICTIMS WERE RELEASED UNHARMED SEVERAL DAYS LATER AFTER THE REPORTED PAYMENT OF RANSOM. JANUARY, 1991: CONDUCTED A JOINT ATTACK WITH FARC ON A MAJOR FRENCH-COLOMBIAN OIL PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. FORTY VEHICLES AND PIECES OF HEAVY MACHINERY WERE DESTROYED, THE COLOMBIAN SECURITY CHIEF WAS KILLED, AND THREE FRENCH ENGINEERS WERE KIDNAPPED. THEY WERE RELEASED UNHARMED IN JULY, 1991. MAY, 1991: KIDNAPPED SEVEN COLOMBIAN JOURNALISTS. THREE DAYS AFTER THEY WERE ABDUCTED, THE SEVEN WERE RELEASED AFTER BEING "INSTRUCTED." SEPTEMBER, 1991: MURDERED A SECURITY GUARD EMPLOYED BY A U.S. COMPANY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ELN HAS A LONG-STANDING STRATEGY OF CONDUCTING OPERATIONS AGAINST THE ENERGY SECTOR. ITS OBJECTIVE IS TWO-FOLD: TO DEPRIVE THE GOVERNMENT OF REVENUES AND TO DRIVE OUT FOREIGN FIRMS WHICH SYMBOLIZE COLOMBIA'S ALLEGED SUBSERVIENCE TO "IMPERIALISM." MANY OF THE ELN'S ATTACKS HAVE TARGETED THE CANO LIMON-COVENAS CRUDE OIL PIPELINE. THESE ATTACKS HAVE BEEN SO NUMEROUS THAT IT WOULD BE UNWIELDY TO LIST THEM INDIVIDUALLY. YEAR PIPELINE ATTACKS 1987 10 1988 52 1989 32 1990 31 1991 60 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 28 NESTOR PAZ ZAMORA COMMISSION title NESTOR PAZ ZAMORA COMMISSION 10/28/92 GP00015 KEY WORDS: DESCRIPTION: A RADICAL LEFTIST TERRORIST ORGANIZATION THAT FIRST APPEARED IN OCTOBER, 1990. IT IS NAMED AFTER THE DECEASED BROTHER OF PRESIDENT PAZ ZAMORA. IT CURRENTLY OPERATES UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF THE ELN (BOLIVIA); AND IS A VIOLENT, EXTREMELY ANTI-U.S., MARXIST-LENINIST ORGANIZATION. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN. PROBABLY FEWER THAN 100. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: PERU'S MTRA (TUPAC AMARU) HAS PROVIDED TRAINING, LIMITED FUNDING, AND LOGISTIC SUPPORT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHHRONOLOGY JUNE, 1990: THE BOLIVIAN OWNER OF THE LA PAZ COCA-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY WAS KIDNAPPED WHILE HE WAS BEING DRIVEN TO WORK IN DOWNTOWN LA PAZ. THE VICTIM WAS MURDERED BY HIS CAPTORS ON DECEMBER 5, 1990, DURING A RESCUE ATTEMPT BY BOLIVIA POLICE. OCTOBER, 1990: ATTACKED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. EMBASSY'S MARINE SECURITY GUARD DETACHMENT IN LA PAZ WITH AUTOMATIC WEAPONS AND EXPLOSIVES. ONE BOLIVIAN POLICE OFFICER STANDING GUARD AT THE MARINE HOUSE WAS KILLED AND ANOTHER POLICE OFFICER WAS SERIOUSLY WOUNDED. NONE OF THE MARINES WERE INJURED. OCTOBER, 1990: BOMBED A MONUMENT TO U.S. PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY IN LA PAZ. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 29 New People's Army (NPA) title New People's Army (NPA) Description The guerrilla arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines, an avowedly Maoist group formed in December 1969 with the aim of overthrowing the government through protracted guerrilla warfare. Although primarily a rural-based guerrilla group, the NPA has an active urban infrastructure to carry out terrorism; uses citybased assassination squads called sparrow units. Derives most of its funding from contributions of supporters and so- called revolutionary taxes extorted from local businesses. Activities The NPA is in disarray because of a split in the CPP, a lack of money, and successful government operations. With US military gone from the country, NPA has engaged in urban terrorism against the police, corrupt politicians, drug traffickers, and other targets that evoked popular anger. Has vowed to kill US citizens involved in counterinsurgency campaign. Has assassinated 10 US military and private citizens since 1987. Has also attacked US businesses in rural areas that refused to pay so-called revolutionary taxes. Strength 16,000, plus support groups. Location/Area of Operation Philippines. External Aid Receives funding from overseas fundraisers in Western Europe and elsewhere; also linked to Libya. Diverts some funding of humanitarian aid. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY APRIL, 1974: MURDERED THREE U.S. NAVAL PERSONNEL NEAR SUBIC BAY NAVAL BASE. SEPTEMBER, 1978: MURDERED THE MAYOR OF KALINGA APAYO. FEBRUARY, 1979: MURDERED THE SON OF THE THEN-COMMANDING GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINE ARMY. DECEMBER, 1981: IMPLICATED IN KIDNAPPING THE SON-IN-LAW OF PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS; THE NPA DENIED INVOLVEMENT. APRIL, 1982: MURDERED THE MAYOR OF CALBAYOG CITY. JULY, 1982: IMPLICATED IN THE MURDERS OF THE MAYORS OF RIZAL AND DIGOS. APRIL, 1983: MURDERED THE POLICE CHIEF AND FIVE POLICE OFFICERS IN BARANGAY TIBLAWAN. NOVEMBER, 1983: MURDERED THE MAYOR OF LUBA. MAY, 1984: ASSASSINATED BRIGADIER GENERAL KARNIXAL, POLICE COMMANDER OF QUEZON CITY. CLAIMED BY THE ALEX BONCAYO BRIGADE, AN ELITE SPARROW UNIT OF THE NPA. SEPTEMBER, 1984: INFILTRATED A PRISON ARMORY ON LEYTE ISLAND, SEIZING AN UNSPECIFIED NUMBER OF WEAPONS. NOVEMBER, 1984 - JANUARY, 1985: ASSASSINATED THE MAYORS OF ZAMBOANGA CITY AND SANTA ANA, THE DEPUTY MAYOR OF LAPUYAN, AND THE POLICE CHIEF OF NUEVA ECIJA. OCTOBER, 1987: MURDERED TWO AMERICAN SERVICEMEN, AN AMERICAN RETIREE, AND A FILIPINO BYSTANDER. CLAIMED BY THE ALEX BONCAYO BRIGADE, AND LATER BY THE NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONT ON BEHALF OF THE NPA. NOVEMBER, 1987: TWO HUNDRED NPA GUERRILLAS ATTACKED TWO U.S. OWNED AND OPERATED BANANA PLANTATIONS BURNING WAREHOUSES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT. THIS WAS THE SECOND NPA ATTACK ON THIS PLANTATION; THE FIRST HAVING TAKEN PLACE IN AUGUST, 1987. FEBRUARY, 1989: NPA GUERRILLAS ATTACKED A MINING COMPANY OPERATION WITH MORTARS AND SMALL ARMS. THE FACILITY WAS RANSACKED AND THE ARMORY WAS LOOTED. FIFTEEN SECURITY GUARDS, TWO CIVILIANS, AND EIGHT NPA REBELS DIED IN THE ATTACK. APRIL, 1989: THE NPA ATTEMPTED TO AMBUSH A CONVOY OF U.S. AIR FORCE SECURITY POLICE NEAR CLARK AIR FORCE BASE. THE AMBUSH WAS ABORTED WHEN THE CONVOY ARRIVED EARLY. THE NPA GUERRILLAS FLED. APRIL, 1989: THE NPA ATTACKED A U.S.-PHILIPPINE COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY ATOP MOUNT CABUYO. THREE ELECTRICAL POWER PYLONS AND A COMMUNICATIONS TRAILER WERE DAMAGED. APRIL, 1989: AN NPA UNIT ASSASSINATED U.S. ARMY COLONEL JAMES N. ROWE. THE VICTIM WAS ATTACKED WHILE BEING DRIVEN TO WORK. THE DRIVER OF THE VICTIM'S VEHICLE WAS WOUNDED. APRIL, 1989: NPA REBELS ATTACKED AN INTER-CITY FERRY FROM SPEED BOATS, ROBBING PASSENGERS. MAY, 1989: KIDNAPPED A JAPANESE AID WORKER. SEPTEMBER, 1989: ASSASSINATED TWO FORD AEROSPACE TECHNICIANS AS THE VICTIMS DROVE HOME FROM THEIR JOB AT CLARK AIR FORCE BASE. DECEMBER, 1989: TWO RIFLE GRENADES WERE FIRED INTO THE U.S. EMBASSY COMPOUND. NO INJURIES. DECEMBER, 1989: CARRIED OUT A RIFLE GRENADE AND SMALL ARMS ATTACK ON THE UNITED STATES INFORMATION SERVICE (USIS) LIBRARY IN DAVAO CITY. NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1990: DETONATED THREE BOMBS IN DAVAO CITY IN ONE DAY. ONE OF THE DEVICES DETONATED AT THE USIS FACILITY. FEBRUARY, 1990: ASSASSINATED AN AMERICAN CITIZEN, HIS FILIPINO WIFE AND HIS FATHER-IN-LAW NEAR THE CITY OF TAGBILARAN. MARCH, 1990: MURDERED AN ELDERLY AMERICAN RANCHER FOR VICTIM'S REFUSAL TO PAY THE NPA REVOLUTIONARY TAXES. MAY, 1990: A UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER WAS MURDERED BY THE NPA IN OLONGAPO CITY NEAR SUBIC BAY NAVAL BASE. MAY, 1990: TWO U.S. AIR FORCE PERSONNEL WERE KILLED AND A THIRD ESCAPED UNHURT WHEN THE NPA AMBUSHED THE THREE NEAR CLARK AIR FORCE BASE. MAY, 1990: TWO RIFLE GRENADES FIRED AT THE THOMAS JEFFERSON CULTURAL CENTER, A USIS FACILITY, IN MANILA. JUNE, 1990: A U.S. PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEER WAS KIDNAPPED, HELD 49 DAYS, AND RELEASED UNHARMED. JULY, 1990: SUSPECTED NPA MEMBERS DROVE BY THE USIS FACILITY IN DAVAO CITY, SPRAYING IT WITH SMALL ARMS FIRE. NO INJURIES. SEPTEMBER, 1990: NPA TERRORISTS BOMBED THE VOICE OF AMERICA (VOA) TRANSMITTER ANTENNA SITE IN TARLAC PROVINCE. NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1990: FIRED TWO RIFLE GRENADES AT THE U.S. EMBASSY IN MANILA. NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1991: FIFTY NPA REBELS ATTACKED A PHILIPPINE POLICE BARRACKS NEAR THE SITE OF A VOICE OF AMERICA TRANSMITTER SITE. ATTEMPTED TO PLACE EXPLOSIVE DEVICES ON TRANSMITTER ANTENNAS, BUT THE DEVICES WERE DISARMED. NOVEMBER, 1991: AMBUSHED A PHILIPPINE ARMY PATROL, KILLING TWENTY TWO. FEBRUARY, 1992: AN NPA UNIT AMBUSHED A PHILIPPINE ARMY PATROL OF 100 TROOPS. AT LEAST THIRTY-SEVEN OF THE TROOPS WERE KILLED. RELIABLE REPORTING INDICATES THAT THE ATTACK WAS PARTICULARLY SAVAGE, WITH MANY OF VICTIMS' CORPSES SHOWING CLEAR SIGNS OF MUTILATION. MARCH, 1992: PHILIPPINE POLICE RESCUED AN AMERICAN BUSINESSMAN WHO HAD BEEN KIDNAPPED AND HELD HOSTAGE BY A GROUP CALLING ITSELF "RED SCORPION" BELIEVED TO BE A FACTION OF THE NPA. MARCH, 1992: NPA IS SUSPECTED IN THE MURDER OF AN ASSISTANT DEAN OF A UNIVERSITY LOCATED IN MANILA. THE VICTIM WAS SHOT IN THE HEAD AS HE WALKED TO WORK. JUNE, 1992: AN NPA UNIT RAIDED AN AMERICAN-OWNED FOOD PROCESSING PLANT IN DAVAO, WRECKING EQUIPMENT AND KIDNAPPING FILIPINO EMPLOYEES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 30 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) title Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) On September 9, 1993, in letters to Israeli Prime Minister Rabin and Norwegian Foreign Minister Holst, PLO Chairman Arafat committed the PLO to cease all violence and terrorism. On September 13, 1993, the Declaration of Principles between the Israelis and Palestinians was signed in Washington, D.C. Bewteen September 9 and December 31, the PLO factions loyal to Arafat complied with this commitment except for one, perhaps two, instances in which the responsible individuals apparently acted independently. Two groups under the PLO unbrella, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine - Hawatmeh faction (DFLP-H), suspended their participation in the PLO in protest of the agreement and continued their campaign of violence. The United States Government continues to monitor closely PLO compliance with its commitment to abandon terrorism and violence. Terror Groups 31 Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) title Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) Description The PIJ originated among militant Palestinian fundamentalists in the Gaza Strip during the 1970s. The PIJ is a series of loosely affiliated factions, rather than a cohesive group. The PIJ is committed to the creation of an Islamic Palestinian state and the destruction of Israel through holy war. Because of its strong support for Israel, the United States has been identified as an enemy of the PIJ. The PIJ also opposes moderate Arab governments that it believes have been tainted by Western secularism. Activities The PIJ demonstrated its terrorist credentials when it attacked a tour bus in Egypt in February 1990 and killed 11 people, including nine Israelis. The PIJ also has carried out crossborder raids against Israeli targets in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The PIJ has threatened to attack US interests in Jordan. PIJ agents were arrested in Egypt in September 1991 while attempting to enter the country to conduct terrorism. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of operation Primarily Israel and the occupied territories and other parts of the Middle East, including Jordan and Lebanon. External Aid Uncertain, possibly Iran and Syria. 1994: More than 100 civilians died in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza last year due to activities of HAMAS or PIJ (Palestinian Islamic Jihad). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1989: A PASSENGER ON A BUS GRABBED THE STEERING WHEEL CAUSING IT TO CRASH KILLING SIXTEEN AND INJURING TWENTY FIVE ON THE ROAD BETWEEN TEL AVIV AND JERUSALEM. THE ARAB ATTACKER SURVIVED AND WAS SENTENCED TO SIXTEEN LIFE SENTENCES. THE PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK; HOWEVER, THE AFFILIATION OF THE PERPETRATOR HAS NOT BEEN DEFINITIVELY ESTABLISHED. FEBRUARY, 1990: PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK OF AN ISRAELI TOUR BUS ENROUTE FROM RAFFAH, ISRAEL TO CAIRO EGYPT. THE ATTACK TOOK PLACE IN THE SINAI PENINSULA. ELEVEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND SEVENTEEN WERE WOUNDED. MAY, 1990: A SUSPECTED PIJ MEMBER STABBED A SOVIET JEWISH IMMIGRANT TO DEATH IN EAST JERUSALEM. MAY, 1990: SUSPECTED PIJ OPERATIVES ATTACKED A BUS IN AMMAN, JORDAN WOUNDING NINE FRENCH TOURISTS. ONE PALESTINIAN MAN WAS ARRESTED SHORTLY AFTER THE ATTACK AND FIVE PIJ MEMBERS WERE ARRESTED IN JUNE, 1990, FOR INVOLVEMENT IN THE ATTACK. THERE WERE NO CLAIMS OF RESPONSIBILITY. MAY, 1990: A PIPE-BOMB DETONATED AT A MARKET IN JERUSALEM, KILLING ONE AND INJURING NINE PERSONS. PIJ AND SIX OTHER PALESTINIAN GROUPS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK. OCTOBER, 1990: A TERRORIST STABBED THREE ISRAELIS TO DEATH AND WOUNDED ANOTHER IN JERUSALEM. CLAIMED BY PIJ AND FORCE 17. NOVEMBER, 1990: A TERRORIST INFILTRATED ISRAEL FROM JORDAN AND KILLED AN ISRAELI SOLDIER NEAR THE ALLENBY BRIDGE. A FACTION OF THE PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. SEPTEMBER, 1991: TWO PIJ MEMBERS WERE ARRESTED BY EGYPTIAN AUTHORITIES AT THE PORT OF NUWAYBI. TWO ROCKET LAUNCHERS WERE SEIZED. THE SUSPECTS ADMITTED THAT THEY PLANNED TO ATTACK AN EGYPTIAN CRUISE SHIP ON THE NILE. THE PIJ ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THE SUSPECTS WERE MEMBERS OF THE GROUP. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 32 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) title Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) Description Marxist-Leninist group that is a member of the PLO founded in 1967 by George Habash. After Fatah, is the most important military and political organization in the Palestinian movement. Advocates a Pan-Arab revolution. Opposes the Declaration of Principles signed in 1993 and has suspended participation in the PLO. Activities Committed numerous international terrorist attacks between 1970 and 1977. Since the death in 1978 of Wadi Haddad, its terrorist planner, PFLP has carried out numerous attacks against Israeli or moderate Arab tarqets. Strength 800. Location/Area of Operation Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and the occupied territories. External Aid Receives most of its financial and military assistance from Syria and Libya. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1968: HIJACKED AN EL AL AIRLINER ENROUTE FROM ROME TO ISRAEL. SEPTEMBER, 1969: CONDUCTED SIMULTANEOUS HIJACKINGS OF THREE AIRLINERS. TWO WERE FLOWN TO JORDAN AND ONE TO EGYPT, AND ALL THREE WERE BLOWN UP BEFORE TELEVISION CAMERAS. MAY, 1972: EMPLOYED JAPANESE RED ARMY TERRORISTS TO CONDUCT A MACHINEGUN ATTACK IN THE ARRIVALS HALL OF THE LOD (BEN GURION) AIRPORT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN ISRAEL. TWENTY SEVEN CIVILIANS, INCLUDING SIXTEEN PUERTO RICAN TOURISTS VISITING THE HOLY LAND, WERE KILLED. JULY, 1973: HIJACKED A JAPANESE AIRLINER TO LIBYA AND BLEW IT UP. DECEMBER, 1974: THREW HANDGRENADES INTO A CROWDED TEL AVIV THEATER, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING TWENTY-FOUR. JUNE, 1976: HIJACKED AN AIR FRANCE AIRLINER TO ENTEBBE, UGANDA, WHERE FOUR CIVILIANS WERE KILLED DURING THE RESCUE OPERATION BY ISRAELI FORCES. AUGUST, 1976: KILLED FOUR PASSENGERS ON AN EL AL AIRLINER IN ISTANBUL. OCTOBER, 1977: HIJACKED A LUFTHANSA AIRLINER TO MOGADISHU, SOMALIA, DEMANDING THE RELEASE OF TERRORISTS HELD IN WEST GERMAN PRISONS. WEST GERMAN BORDER POLICE TROOPS (GSG-9) STORMED THE PLANE, KILLING THREE TERRORISTS AND CAPTURING A FOURTH. THE HIJACKING WAS CONDUCTED BY GERMAN AS WELL AS PFLP OPERATIVES. APRIL, 1979: AFTER A FOILED ATTEMPT TO TAKE OVER AN EL AL AIRCRAFT AT ZAVENTEM AIRPORT IN BRUSSELS, THE PFLP OPERATIVES THREW A GASOLINE BOMB AND A HAND GRENADE INTO A VISITOR'S CAFE, WOUNDING FIVE BELGIANS; THEN ENTERED AN AIRPORT RESTAURANT, SHOOTING AND WOUNDING SEVEN CUSTOMERS. MARCH, 1984: KILLED THREE PASSENGERS IN AN ATTACK ON A BUS IN ASHDOD, ISRAEL. APRIL, 1984: KILLED ONE AND WOUNDED EIGHT PASSENGERS IN A BUS HIJACKING IN ASHKELON, ISRAEL. MAY, 1985: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING AN ISRAELI BUS. NOVEMBER, 1986: STABBED TO DEATH A TWENTY TWO YEAR OLD YESHIVA STUDENT ON A STREET IN THE OLD CITY OF JERUSALEM. MAY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE TOWN OF METALLAH IN THE NORTHERN GALILEE. JUNE, 1989: POSSIBLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE KIDNAPPING OF THE AMERICAN DIRECTOR OF A RELIEF AGENCY IN THE GAZA STRIP. THE VICTIM WAS EVENTUALLY RELEASED UNHARMED. THE KIDNAPPER WAS KILLED IN A SHOOT OUT WITH ISRAELI SECURITY FORCES. NOVEMBER, 1990: PFLP GUERRILLAS CLASHED WITH ISRAELI DEFENSE FORCES INSIDE ISRAEL'S SELF-DECLARED SECURITY ZONE IN SOUTHERN LEBANON. FIVE ISRAELI SOLDIERS AND TWO PFLP GUERRILLAS WERE KILLED. DECEMBER, 1990: AN ISRAELI BORDER POLICEMAN WAS SHOT AND SERIOUSLY WOUNDED WHILE HE WAS MONITORING A DEMONSTRATION AT A REFUGEE CAMP IN THE GAZA STRIP. THE PFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JANUARY, 1991: A PAN AMERICAN AIRLINES OFFICE IN TURIN, ITALY WAS FIREBOMBED. A PERSON CLAIMING TO REPRESENT THE PFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1991: AN ISRAELI MOTORIST WAS SHOT AND WOUNDED WHILE DRIVING IN THE GAZA. THE PFLP AND DFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. OCTOBER, 1991: TERRORISTS ATTACKED A BUS IN THE GAZA, KILLING TWO ISRAELI SETTLERS AND WOUNDING FIVE. THE PFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FROM DAMASCUS. JANUARY, 1992: AN ISRAELI BUS AND CAR DRIVING IN THE WEST BANK WERE ATTACKED NEAR THE TOWN OF RAMALLAH. SIX SETTLERS WERE WOUNDED. BOTH THE PFLP AND THE PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEFENSE DEPARTMENT AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 33 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC) title Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC) Description Split from the PFLP in 1968, claiming that it wanted to focus more on fighting and less on politics. Violently opposed to Arafat's PLO. Led by Ahmed Jabril, a former captain in the Syrian Army. Closely allied with, supported by, and probably directed by Syria. Activities Claims to have specialized in suicide operations. Has carried out numerous cross-border terrorist attacks into Israel, using unusual means, such as hot-air balloons and motorized hang gliders. Hafiz Kassem Dalkamoni, a ranking PFLP-GC official, was convicted in Germany in June 1991 for bombing US troop trains. He faces additional charges in Germany for other terrorist offenses, including manslaughter. Strength Several hundred. Location/Area of Operation Headquarters in Damascus with bases in Lebanon and cells in Europe. External Aid Receives logistic and military support from Syria, its chief sponsor. Financial support from Libya. Safehaven in Syria . Support also from Iran. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: AHMED JIBRIL FORMED THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE- GENERAL COMMAND IN 1968 WHEN HE BECAME DISENCHANTED WITH GEORGE HABASH'S LEADERSHIP OF THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PFLP). AN OFFICER IN THE SYRIAN ARMY, JIBRIL WAS INITIALLY INTERESTED IN DEVELOPING CONVENTIONAL MILITARY CAPABILITIES TO COMPLEMENT PFLP-GC TERRORIST ACTIVITIES. AS A RESULT THE PFLP-GC HAS ALWAYS BEEN KNOWN FOR ITS CONVENTIONAL MILITARY EXPERTISE. IN ADDITION TO GROUND INFILTRATION CAPABILITIES, THE PFLP-GC HAS WORKED TOWARD DEVELOPING AIR AND NAVAL INFILTRATION CAPABILITIES AS WELL. PFLP-GC TERRORIST ACTIVITIES HAVE INCLUDED THE USE OF LETTER BOMBS AND CONDUCTING MAJOR CROSS-BORDER OPERATIONS DIRECTED AT ISRAELI TARGETS. THE PFLP-GC HAS ALSO SHARED ITS TERRORIST EXPERTISE WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST GROUPS, SUCH AS THE ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF ARMENIA, AS WELL AS EUROPEAN GROUPS WHICH HAVE SENT MEMBERS TO LEBANON FOR TRAINING. THE PFLP-GC ARSENAL INCLUDES SOPHISTICATED WEAPONRY SUCH AS SOVIET SA-7 ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILES, HEAVY ARTILLERY, AND LIGHT AIRCRAFT SUCH AS MOTORIZED HANG GLIDERS AND ULTRA LIGHTS. THE COMMUNIST BLOC COUNTRIES PROVIDED SMALL ARMS SUCH AS KALASHNIKOV ASSAULT RIFLES AND RPG-7 ANTITANK ROCKETS, BUT SYRIA AND LIBYA MAY HAVE SERVED AS CONDUITS FOR SUCH SUPPORT. THE PFLP-GC ACTIVELY PARTICIPATED IN THE LEBANESE CONFLICT, INCLUDING SNIPING ATTACKS THAT INJURED U.S. MARINES WHO WERE MEMBERS OF THE PEACE KEEPING FORCES IN BEIRUT IN 1982-83. IN ADDITION, THE GROUP ATTACKED ISRAELI CITIZENS AND INTERESTS THROUGH OPERATIONS LAUNCHED FROM LEBANON. THE PFLP-GC HAS ALSO OCCASIONALLY RECRUITED WEST BANK PALESTINIANS TO CONDUCT TERROROIST OPERATIONS INSIDE ISRAEL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1968: HIJACKED AN EL AL AIRLINER ENROUTE FROM ROME TO TEL AVIV, DIVERTING IT TO ALGERIA. THE HIJACKERS DEMANDED THE RELEASE OF 1,000 PRISONERS HELD IN ISRAEL. WEEKS LATER, THE GOVERNMENT OF ISRAEL RELEASED 16 ARAB INFILTRATORS AS A "HUMANITARIAN" GESTURE." FEBRUARY, 1969: MACHINEGUNNED AN EL AL AIRLINER AS IT WAS ABOUT TO TAKE OFF FROM ZURICH TO TEL AVIV. AUGUST, 1969: HIJACKED A TWA AIRLINER ENROUTE TO ATHENS AND TEL AVIV AND FORCED IT TO LAND IN DAMASCUS, WHERE THE PASSENGERS WERE EVACUATED AND THE AIRCRAFT DESTROYED WITH AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE. APRIL, 1974: ATTACKED QIRYAT SHEMONA, ISRAEL, KILLING EIGHTEEN AND WOUNDING SIXTEEN IN AN APARTMENT BUILDING. THE THREE TERRORISTS ALSO KILLED TWO MEMBERS OF THE ISRAELI ASSAULT FORCE THAT ENGAGED IN A FOUR HOUR GUN BATTLE WITH THE TERRORISTS. ALL THREE TERRORISTS WERE KILLED, PROBABLY BY THEIR OWN GRENADES. THE INTENTION OF THE OPERATION WAS TO SECURE THE RELEASE OF 100 CAPTURED PALESTINIANS BEING HELD IN ISRAELI PRISONS. APRIL, 1978: KIDNAPPED AN ISRAELI SOLDIER IN SOUTHERN LEBANON. IN MARCH, 1979, ISRAEL EXCHANGED SIXTY SIX ARAB PRISONERS FOR THE SOLDIER AND TEN OTHERS IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. SEPTEMBER, 1982: SEIZED THREE ISRAELI SOLDIERS IN BEIRUT, HOLDING THEM UNTIL MAY, 1985, AND THEN EXCHANGED THEM FOR 1,150 PALESTINIAN PRISONERS HELD BY ISRAEL. APRIL, 1986: A MEMBER OF THE PFLP-GC THREW A FIRE BOMB AT A BUS IN JERUSALEM. THE GROUP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY IN DAMASCUS. NOVEMBER, 1987: A MEMBER OF THE GROUP SUCCESSFULLY INFILTRATED ISRAEL FROM LEBANON USING A HANG GLIDER, KILLING SIX ISRAELI SOLDIERS AND WOUNDING SEVEN BEFORE BEING KILLED. OCTOBER, 1988: WEST GERMAN POLICE ARRESTED 14 MEMBERS OF THE PFLP-GC, SEIZING WEAPONS, SEMTEX, AND EXPLOSIVE DEVICES. NOVEMBER, 1990: A PFLP-GC TEAM ATTEMPTED TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL BY A SPEEDBOAT. THE TERRORISTS WERE INTERCEPTED BY THE ISRAELIS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA NORTH OF TYRE, LEBANON. THE SPEEDBOAT WAS DESTROYED AND ALL FIVE ABOARD WERE KILLED. THE PFLP-GC CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 34 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-Special Command (PFLP-SC) title Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-Special Command (PFLP-SC) Description Marxist-Leninist group formed by Abu Salim in 1979 after breaking away from the now defunct PFLP-Special Operations Group. Activities Has claimed responsibility for several notorious international terrorist attacks in Western Europe, including the bombing of a restaurant frequented by US servicemen in Torrejon, Spain, in April 1985. Eighteen Spanish civilians were killed in the attack. Strength Location/Area of Operation Operates out of southern Lebanon, in various areas of the Middle East, and in Western Europe. External Aid Probably receives financial and military support from Syria, Libya, and Iraq. Terror Groups 35 Popular Struggle Front (PSF) title Popular Struggle Front (PSF) Description Radical Palestinian terrorist group once closely involved in the Syrian- dominated Palestinian National Salvation Front. Led by Dr. Samir Ghosheh. Rejoined the PLO in September 1991. Group is internally divided over the Declaration of Principles signed in 1993. Activities Terrorist attacks against Israeli, moderate Arab, and PLO targets. Strength Fewer than 300. Location/Area of Operation Mainly Syria and Lebanon, and elsewhere in the Middle East. External Aid Receives support from Syria and may now receive aid from the PLO. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1975: BOMBED EIN FESH'HA, AN ISRAELI RESORT. JUNE-JULY, 1975: KIDNAPPED A U.S. ARMY COLONEL IN BEIRUT AND TURNED HIM OVER TO THE THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - GENERAL COMMAND (PFLP-GC) AFTER FOOD WAS DELIVERED TO PALESTINIAN REFUGEE CAMPS IN BEIRUT. MARCH, 1979: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN EXPLOSION ON A TOURIST BUS AT THE INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL IN JERUSALEM, AND ATTEMPTED AN OPERATION, PROBABLY INTENDED TO BE A HOSTAGE TAKING, ON THE WEST BANK, TO PROTEST THE VISIT OF U.S. PRESIDENT CARTER TO EGYPT AND ISRAEL. JUNE, 1985: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE NORTHERN ISRAEL TOWN OF METULLAH. SEPTEMBER, 1985: FALSELY CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A HOTEL SWIMMING POOL IN ATHENS. THE PSF MEMBER WHO MADE THE CLAIM FALSELY STATED THAT SEVENTY FIVE AMERICAN SOLDIERS WERE KILLED OR WOUNDED IN THE ATTACK. DESPITE THE PSF CLAIM, THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INCIDENT, IN WHICH EIGHTEEN DEAF-MUTE BRITISH TOURISTS WERE WOUNDED. APRIL, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON NORTHERN ISRAEL. NOVEMBER, 1990: INTERCEPTED BY AN ISRAELI PATROL IN LEBANON'S SOUTHERN REGION - ISRAEL'S SELF DECLARED "SECURITY ZONE." FOUR PSF MEMBERS AND ONE ISRAELI SOLDIER WERE KILLED. JANUARY, 1992: THE PPSF CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A SUPERMARKET IN JERUSALEM. NO INJURIES. APRIL, 1992: SAMIR GHOWSHEH, A MEMBER OF THE PLO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, WAS EXPELLED FROM THE PSF. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 36 PPalestine Liberation Front (PLF) title Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) Description Terrorist group that broke away from the PFLP-GC in mid-1970s. Later split again into pro-PLO, pro-Syrian, and pro-Libyan factions. Pro-PLO faction led by Muhammad Abbas (Abu Abbas), who became member of PLO Executive Committee in 1984 but left the Executive Committee in 1991. Activities Abu Abbas-led faction carried out abortive seaborne attack staged from Libya against Israel on 30 May 1990. Abbas's group was also responsible for October 1985 attack on the cruise ship Achille Lauro and the murder of US citizen Leon Klinghoffer. A warrant for Abu Abbas's arrest is outstanding in Italy. Others involved in the hijacking are wanted elsewhere. Openly supported Iraq during Gulf war. Strength At least 50. Location/Area of Operation PLO faction based in Tunisia until Achille Lauro attack. Now based in Iraq. External Aid Receives logistic and military support mainly from PLO, but also Libya and Iraq. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1978: KIDNAPPED 51 UNIFIL SOLDIERS IN TYRE; FORCED BY FATAH TO RELEASE THEM SEVERAL HOURS LATER. SEPTEMBER, 1978: THREE PLF TERRORISTS WERE CAPTURED IN NORTHERN ISRAEL. THEY HAD INTENDED A HOSTAGE TAKING OPERATION WITH THE GOAL OF SEEKING THE RELEASE OF PLF PRISONERS HELD IN ISRAEL. APRIL, 1979: FOUR PLF OPERATIVES LANDED FROM THE SEA NEAR NAHARIYAH, INTENDING TO SEIZE ISRAELI HOSTAGES TO BE USED IN EXCHANGE FOR TERRORISTS BEING HELD BY THE ISRAELIS. THE TERRORISTS KILLED A MAN AND HIS DAUGHTER IN THEIR APARTMENT, AS WELL AS AN ISRAELI POLICEMAN. TWO TERRORISTS WERE KILLED DURING THE FIGHTING AND TWO WERE CAPTURED. AUGUST, 1979: ATTEMPTED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL BY SEA NEAR ROSH HANIQRA. THREE TERRORISTS WERE CAPTURED AND ONE KILLED. JULY, 1980: ATTEMPTED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL USING A HOT-AIR BALLOON. THE BALLOON EXPLODED AFTER TAKING OFF, KILLING ONE TERRORIST. MARCH, 1981: ATTEMPTED TO SEND TWO ONE-MAN HANG GLIDERS INTO ISRAEL. BOTH WERE CAPTURED. APRIL, 1981: ATTEMPTED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL USING A HOT-AIR BALLOON. THE BALLOON WAS SHOT DOWN, AND TWO PLF OPERATIVES WERE KILLED. DOCUMENTS FOUND ON THE TERRORISTS INDICATED THAT THEIR MISSION WAS TO TAKE HOSTAGES IN EXCHANGE FOR IMPRISONED PLF MEMBERS IN ISRAEL. JUNE, 1984: A SQUAD FROM THE GHANEM FACTION OF THE PLF WAS CAPTURED IN NORTHERN ISRAEL, BELIEVED TO BE ON A HOSTAGE-TAKING OPERATION. OCTOBER, 1985: HIJACKED THE ITALIAN CRUISE SHIP "ACHILLE LAURO." AFTER HOLDING HOSTAGES FOR 2 DAYS AND MURDERING ONE WHEELCHAIR-BOUND U.S. PASSENGER, THE TERRORIST TEAM AND ABU ABBAS SURRENDERED TO THE EGYPTIANS IN EXCHANGE FOR A PROMISE OF SAFE PASSAGE. THEY WERE APPREHENDED AT A NATO AIR BASE IN SICILY AFTER U.S. AIRCRAFT INTERCEPTED AND FORCED DOWN THE EGYPTIAN AIRLINER THAT WAS FLYING THE TERRORISTS TO SAFEHAVEN. ABU ABBAS WAS SOON RELEASED BY THE ITALIANS. THE FOUR PLF TERRORISTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HIJACKING WERE CONVICTED OF THEIR CRIMES AND SENTENCED TO PRISON. MAY, 1990: ISRAELI MILITARY FORCES FOILED AN ATTEMPT BY PLF TERRORISTS TO LAND ON AN ISRAELI BEACH. THE PLAN OF THE TERRORISTS WERE TO ATTACK AND OCCUPY HOTELS ON THE TEL AVIV BEACH FRONT. MAY, 1992: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTEMPT TO RAID THE ISRAELI RED SEA RESORT OF EILAT. KILLED A SECURITY GUARD BEFORE ISRAELI MILITARY KILLED ONE AND WOUNDED ONE TERRORIST. BELIEVED TO HAVE ATTEMPTED TO SWIM FROM AQABA IN JORDAN ALONG THE COAST LINE TO EILAT. COMES EXACTLY TWO YEARS AFTER ATTEMPT IN MAY 1990 (5/30) TO ATTACK BEACH AT TEL AVIV. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 37 Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) title Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) aka: The Provos Description A radical terrorist group formed in 1969 as the clandestine armed wing of Sinn Fein, a legal political movement dedicated to removing British forces from Northern Ireland and unifying Ireland. Has a Marxist orientation. Organized into small, tightly knit cells under the leadership of the Army Council. Activities Bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, extortion, and robberies. Targets senior British Government officials, British military and police in Northern Ireland, and Northern Irish Loyalist paramilitary groups. PIRA's operations on mainland Britain in 1993 included a large truck bombing in London's financial district and a major bombing campaign against train and subway stations and shopping areas. Strength Several hundred, plus several thousand sympathizers. Location/Area of Operation Northern Ireland, Irish Republic, Great Britain, and Western Europe. External Aid Has received aid from a variety of groups and countries and considerable training and arms from Libya and, at one time, the PLO. Also is suspected of receiving funds and arms from sympathizers in the United States. Similarities in operations suggest links with ETA. Terror Groups 38 Puka Inti (Sol Rojo title Puka Inti (Sol Rojo, Red Sun) Description Small but violent subversive group probably formed from dissident members of AVC guerrilla organization, which made peace with the Ecuadoran Government in 1989. Believed to be anti-US. Activities Series of bombings of government buildings have been attributed to Puka Inti, but group appears to lack resources to expand much beyond current strength. Strength Very small, perhaps fewer than 50. External Aid None. Terror Groups 39 Red Army Faction (RAF) title Red Army Faction (RAF) Description The small and disciplined RAF is the successor to the Baader-Meinhof Gang, which originated in the student protest movement in the 1960s. Ideology is an obscure mix of Marxism and Maoism; committed to armed struggle. organized into hardcore cadres that carry out terrorist attacks and a network of supporters who provide logistic and propaganda support. Has survived despite numerous arrests of top leaders over the years. Activities Bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and robberies. With decline of world communism, has had trouble recruiting replacements for jailed members. Now concentrating on domestic targets, particularly officials involved in German or European unification and German security and justice officials. Carried out one operation in 1993, destroying a new prison with 600 pounds of commercial explosives. Police shootout with two members ended in death of GSG-9 officer and group member Wolfgang Grams. Group temporarily gaivanized afterward. RAF has targeted US and NATO facilities in the past. During Gulf war, RAF shot up US Embassy in Bonn with assault rifle rounds. There were no casualties, however. Strength Ten to 20, plus several hundred supporters. Location/Area of Operations Germany. External Aid Self-sustaining, but during Baader-Meinhof period received support from Middle Eastern terrorists. East Germany gave logistic support, sanctuary, and training during the 1980s. 2 September 1993 Italy Three terrorists threw a handgrenade over the fence and also fired shots at the U.S. Air Force Base at Aviano. The Red Brigades terrorist group later claimed responsibility. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1972: CARRIED OUT SIX SEPARATE BOMBING ATTACKS, KILLING ONE AND INJURING THIRTEEN, AT A U.S. OFFICERS CLUB IN FRANKFURT; BOMBED THE VEHICLE OF GERMAN SUPREME COURT JUSTICE BUDDENBURG, SERIOUSLY INJURING HIS WIFE; AND KILLED THREE AND WOUNDED FIVE IN A BLAST AT THE U.S. ARMY EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERS IN HEIDELBERG. NOVEMBER, 1974: MURDERED GERMAN SUPREME COURT PRESIDENT GUENTHER VON DRENKMANN. FEBRUARY, 1975: KIDNAPPED TWO LEADING GERMAN POLITICIANS TO FORCE THE RELEASE OF SIX IMPRISONED TERRORISTS. APRIL, 1977: AMBUSHED AND MURDERED GERMAN FEBERAL PROSECUTOR SIEGFRIED BUBACK, HIS CHAUFFEUR, AND A POLICE BODYGUARD. SEPTEMBER, 1977: KIDNAPPED GERMAN BUSINESSMAN HANNS-MARTIN SCHLEYER AND KILLED HIS CHAUFFEUR AND THREE POLICE GUARDS. WHILE THE RAF WAS HOLDING SCHLEYER, THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE HIJACKED A LUFTHANSA AIRCRAFT IN A SUPPORTING OPERATION. AFTER GERMAN COUNTER TERRORIST FORCES SUCCESSFULLY FOILED THE HIJACKING AT MOGADISHU, SOMALIA, THE RAF MURDERED SCHLEYER. JUNE, 1979: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF NATO COMMANDER GENERAL ALEXANDER HAIG, WITH A BOMB CONCEALED UNDER A BRIDGE IN OBOURG, BELGIUM. THE BOMB EXPLODED BETWEEN GENERAL HAIG'S CAR AND AN ESCORT VEHICLE, WOUNDING TWO GUARDS. AUGUST, 1981: BOMBED THE U.S. AIR FORCE HEADQUARTERS IN RAMSTEIN, INJURING 18 AMERICANS AND TWO GERMANS. SEPTEMBER, 1981: FIRED TWO RPG-7 GRENADES AT U.S. ARMY EUROPEAN COMMANDING GENERAL KROESSEN'S CAR, SLIGHTLY INJURING THE GENERAL AND HIS WIFE. DECEMBER, 1984: BOMBED THE EMBASSY OF FRANCE IN BONN AND ATTEMPTED TO BOMB THE NATO SCHOOL IN OBERAMMERGAU. JANUARY, 1985: FIREBOMBED THE HOME OF THE U.S. CONSUL GENERAL IN FRANKFURT AND THE U.S. AIRFIELD AT HEIDELBERG. ALSO FIREBOMBED A NUMBER OF WEST GERMAN GOVERNMENT FACILITIES THROUGHOUT GERMANY. FEBRUARY, 1985: INVADED THE HOME OF WEST GERMAN BUSINESSMAN ERNST ZIMMERMANN AND SHOT HIM IN THE HEAD. MARCH, 1985: INJURED NINE WITH A BOMB BLAST AT A DEPARTMENT STORE IN DORTMUND. AUGUST, 1985: DETONATED A CAR BOMB AT THE RHEIN MAIN AIR BASE, KILLING TWO AND INJURING SEVENTEEN. THE TERRORISTS KILLED AN OFF DUTY U.S. SERVICEMAN THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BOMBING AND USED HIS MILITARY IDENTIFICATION TO GAIN ACCESS TO THE BASE. APRIL, 1986: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE NATO PIPELINE NEAR VOLLERSODE. MAY, 1986: SEVERELY DAMAGED A U.S. MILITARY FUEL PUMPING STATION AND DESTROYED TWO TRUCKS WITH A BOMB THAT ALSO IGNITED OVER 1,000 GALLONS OF FUEL. JULY, 1986: MURDERED KARL-HEINZ BECKURTS, DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH OF THE SIEMENS ELECTRONICS COMPANY, AND HIS CHAUFFEUR, WITH A REMOTELY DETONATED BOMB. THE RAF CLAIMED THAT IT HAD CARRIED OUT THE OPERATION BECAUSE OF BECKURTS' ADVOCACY OF NUCLEAR ENERGY AND HIS RESEARCH PARTICIPATION IN THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE (SDI) PROJECT. OCTOBER, 1986: MURDERED GEROLD VON BRAUNMUEHL, HEAD OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY'S POLITICAL DEPARTMENT. HE WAS SHOT IN FRONT OF HIS HOME IN BONN. SEPTEMBER, 1988: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF WEST GERMAN FINANCE MINISTER. NOVEMBER, 1989: ALFRED HERRHAUSEN, DIRECTOR OF THE DEUTSCHE BANK, WEST GERMANY'S LARGEST BANK, MURDERED WHEN THE RAF DETONATED A ROAD SIDE BOMB AS THE VICTIM'S CAR PASSED. JULY, 1990: ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE AN OFFICIAL OF THE GERMAN MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR. FEBRUARY, 1991: FIRED SEVERAL SHOTS AT THE COMPOUND OF THE U.S. EMBASSY IN BONN. APRIL, 1991: ASSASSINATED DETLEV ROHWEDDER, THE CHIEF OF THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR SELLING-OFF STATE OWNED PROPERTY IN THE FORMER GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (EAST GERMANY). JULY, 1991: CONDUCTED AN ARSON ATTACK ON A RENAULT DELIVERY FACILITY IN BRUEHL (NEAR COLOGNE). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 40 Red Brigades (BR) title Red Brigades (BR) Description Formed in 1969, the Marxist-Leninist BR seeks to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the Western Alliance. In 1984 split into two factions: the Communist Combatant Party (BR-PCC) and the Union of Combatant Communists (BR-UCC). Activities Original group concentrated on assassination and kidnapping of Italian Government and private-sector targets; it murdered former Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978, kidnapped US Army BGen. James Dozier in 1981, and claimed responsibility for murdering Leamon Hunt, US chief of the Sinai Multinational Force and Observer Group, in 1984. The group had been largely inactive since Italian and French authorities arrested many of its members in 1989. Strength Probably fewer than 50, plus an unknown number of supporters. Location/Area of Operation Based and operates in Italy. Some members probably living clandestinely in other European countries. External Aid Currently unknown; original group apparently was self-sustaining but probably received weapons from other Western European terrorist groups and from the PLO. Terror Groups 41 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) title Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) Description Established in 1966 as military wing of Colombian Communist Party. Goal is to overthrow government and ruling class. Organized along military lines; includes at least one urban front. Activities Armed attacks against Colombian political and military targets. Many members have become criminals, carrying out kidnappings for profit and bank robberies. Foreign citizens often are targets of FARC kidnappings. Group traffics in drugs and has welldocumented ties to narcotraffickers. Strength Approximately 4,500 to 5,500 armed combatants and an unknown number of supporters, mostly in rural areas. Location/Area of Operation Colombia. External Aid None. 31 January 1993 Panama A large group of FARC terrorists from Colombia kidnapped three U.S. missionaries from the New Tribes Mission at a location near the Colombian border. The missionaries are Mark Rich, David Mankins, and Rick Tenenoff. A five million dollar ransom has been demanded; FARC produced proof that the three missionaries were still alive in December through taped messages from the hostages to their wives. FARC is still holding the hostages. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY FEBRUARY, 1977: KIDNAPPED A U.S. PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEER DURING AN ATTACK ON LA MACARENA. THE VICTIM WAS RELEASED THREE YEARS LATER AFTER A $250,000 RANSOM WAS REPORTEDLY PAID. AUGUST, 1980: KIDNAPPED A U.S. CITIZEN FROM HIS BANANA PLANTATION IN CENTRAL COLOMBIA. HE WAS RELEASED THREE MONTHS LATER AFTER A REPORTED RANSOM OF $125,000 WAS PAID. APRIL, 1983: KIDNAPPED A U.S. CITIZEN FROM HER FARM IN SOUTHERN META DEPARTMENT. FEBRUARY, 1985: BOMBED SEVEN BUSINESSES IN A MIDNIGHT ATTACK IN MEDELLIN, INCLUDING IBM, GENERAL TELEPHONE AND ELECTRONICS, UNION CARBIDE, AND XEROX. AUGUST, 1985: KIDNAPPED FOUR ENGINEERS AND THIRTY WORKERS OF A CONSTRUCTION FIRM IN HUILA DEPARTMENT. OCTOBER, 1985: KIDNAPPED FOUR MISSIONARIES. THE FARC MET WITH A DELEGATION FROM THE GOVERNMENT'S PEACE COMMISSION AND AGREED TO FREE THE HOSTAGES. DECEMBER, 1985: KIDNAPPED A VENEZUELAN RANCHER WHO WAS RESCUED BY THE VENEZUELAN POLICE IN FEBRUARY, 1986. THE SIX KIDNAPPERS WERE KILLED. JANUARY, 1986: DEMANDED $100 MILLION FROM THE SHELL OIL COMPANY TO CONTINUE OPERATING IN THE MAGALEAS VALLEY, BUT THE FIRM SUSPENDED ITS OPERATIONS IN THE REGION INSTEAD OF MEETING THE EXTORTION DEMAND. FEBRUARY, 1986: ATTACKED THE TOWN OF RION SUCIO IN THE NORTHERN CHOCO DEPARTMENT, KILLING ONE POLICE OFFICER AND WOUNDING ANOTHER. DESTROYED THREE BUILDINGS. NOVEMBER, 1986: THE REMAINS OF SOME 100 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN WERE FOUND IN A MASS GRAVE IN TURBO; THEY WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN MURDERED BY THE FARC. APRIL, 1987: KIDNAPPED SEVEN EMPLOYEES OF A RANCHER IN BOGOTA; ONE BODY WAS FOUND LATER. JUNE, 1987: IN VIOLATION OF A TRUCE, THE FARC AMBUSHED AN ARMY ROAD BUILDING CREW KILLING TWENTY-SEVEN. DECEMBER, 1987: APPROXIMATELY FIFTY FARC MEMBERS ATTACKED THE TOWN OF GAITANIA, KILLING TWO POLICE OFFICERS AND WOUNDING FIVE. THE FARC USED GRENADES, AUTOMATIC WEAPONS, LIGHT ANTITANK ROCKETS, AND MOLOTOV COCKTAILS. JANUARY, 1988: TWO HUNDRED MILES SOUTHWEST OF BOGOTA, FORTY FARC MEMBERS HIJACKED A HELICOPTER OPERATED BY A COLOMBIAN AIR CHARTER SERVICE AND CHARTERED BY A U.S. OIL EXPLORATION COMPANY. THE COMPANY WAS FORCED TO PAY RANSOM AND TO TEMPORARILY CLOSE ITS EXPLORATION CAMP. OCTOBER, 1988: ATTACK ON TOWNS IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE ELN (NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY). THREE POLICEMEN AND ONE CIVILIAN KILLED. A NUN, PRIEST, AND FIFTEEN POLICEMEN WERE KIDNAPPED. NOVEMBER, 1988: TOWN ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH M-19 (APRIL 19 MOVEMENT). NOVEMBER, 1988: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE COLOMBIAN MINISTER OF DEFENSE. A REMOTE CONTROLLED BOMB DESTROYED A TRUCK CARRYING THE MINISTER'S BODYGUARDS, KILLING THREE AND INJURING TWO. THE MINISTER WAS UNHURT. DECEMBER, 1988: TOWN ATTACKED. ONE POLICE OFFICER, ONE CIVILIAN, AND TWO FARC MEMBERS KILLED. FEBRUARY, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (ELN) AND THE POPULAR LIBERATION ARMY (EPL). FIVE POLICEMEN WERE KILLED AND ELEVEN POLICE OFFICERS WERE KIDNAPPED. APRIL, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED. SIX CIVILIANS KILLED. MAY, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED. TWO CIVILIANS SOUGHT OUT AND MURDERED. ANOTHER CIVILIAN KILLED. OCTOBER, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED IN JOINT OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (ELN). TWO JAIL INMATES MURDERED IN A SETTLING OF SCORES, POLICE ATTACKED, HELICOPTER DELIVERING MONEY TO BANK SHOT DOWN, MONEY STOLEN. OCTOBER, 1990: TOWN ATTACKED AND OCCUPIED. FARC TOOK OVER THE TOWN WITHOUT RESISTANCE AFTER POLICE FLED. MURDERED THE MAYOR AND HIS BROTHER. NOVEMBER, 1990: TWO TOWNS ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (ELN). NINE SOLDIERS AND FIFTEEN FARC REBELS WERE KILLED. DECEMBER, 1990: ATTACKED AN OIL EXPLORATION CAMP, DESTROYING A HELICOPTER AND DRILLING EQUIPMENT. DECEMBER, 1990: SEIZED AN AIRCRAFT SHORTLY AFTER IT LANDED AT A SMALL TOWN, FORCED THE PASSENGERS AND CREW TO DEPLANE AND BURNED THE PLANE. DECEMBER, 1990: KIDNAPPED TWO SWISS CITIZENS AND A COLOMBIAN PHYSICIAN IN META DEPARTMENT. ALL WERE RELEASED TWO WEEKS LATER WITH A MESSAGE TO THE GOVERNMENT. DECEMBER, 1990: KIDNAPPED TWO COLOMBIAN ENGINEERS AT AN OIL PRODUCTION CAMP. THEY WERE RELEASED TWO DAYS LATER WITH A MESSAGE FOR THE GOVERNMENT. JANUARY, 1991: BOMBED FIVE OIL PIPELINES. JANUARY, 1991: HIJACKED A HELICOPTER LEASED BY A U.S. OIL EXPLORATION FIRM. THE PILOT AND THE AIRCRAFT WERE RETURNED. JANUARY, 1991: STAGED A JOINT ATTACK WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (ELN) ON A MAJOR COLOMBIA-FRENCH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT NEAR SEGOVIA. FORTY VEHICLES AND PIECES OF HEAVY MACHINERY WERE DESTROYED, THE CAMP'S SECURITY CHIEF WAS KILLED AND THREE FRENCH ENGINEERS WERE KIDNAPPED (RELEASED IN JULY, 1991). FEBRUARY, 1991: CONDUCTED A WAVE OF FIFTY ATTACKS ON TOWNS, ENERGY AND POWER FACILITIES, BANKS, POLICE, AND MILITARY. AT LEAST FORTY SOLDIERS, POLICEMEN, CIVILIANS AND INSURGENTS WERE KILLED. MARCH, 1991: ATTACKED A VILLAGE, KILLING FIVE POLICEMEN AND A CIVILIAN AND KIDNAPPING TWELVE POLICE OFFICERS. MAY, 1991: AN AMERICAN EXPATRIATE, WHO HAD BEEN KIDNAPPED BY FARC, WAS MURDERED BY HIS ABDUCTORS DURING AN ATTEMPT BY THE POLICE TO RESCUE HIM. JULY, 1991: THE FARC ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE THE PRESIDENT OF COLOMBIA BY PLACING AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE NEAR THE PRESIDENTIAL HELICOPTER'S LANDING AREA. POLICE DISARMED THE DEVICE. FARC DENIED ITS INVOLVEMENT. AUGUST, 1991: TWO JAPANESE ENGINEERS AT AN OIL PRODUCTION CAMP WERE KIDNAPPED. THEY WERE RELEASED UNHARMED IN DECEMBER, 1991, FOLLOWING THE PAYMENT OF A RANSOM. NOVEMBER, 1991: A COLOMBIAN JUDICIAL TEAM OF EIGHT PEOPLE, INCLUDING A JUDGE, WERE LURED TO A RURAL AREA WHERE ONE CAR OF THEIR THREE CAR CONVOY WAS DESTROYED BY A REMOTELY DETONATED DEVICE AND THE SURVIVORS SPRAYED WITH MACHINEGUN FIRE JUNE, 1992: FARC ISSUED A COMMUNIQUE STATING THAT MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS WERE "LEGITIMATE" TARGETS. JUNE, 1992: BOMBED THE SPANISH CONSULATE IN BARRANQUILLA, INJURING THE SPANISH CONSUL GENERAL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEFENSE DEPARTMENT, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 42 Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17 November) title Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17 November) Description A radical leftist group established in 1975 and named for the November 1973 student uprising protesting the military regime. Anti-US, anti-Turkish, anti-NATO; committed to violent overthrow of the regime, ouster of US bases, removal of Turkish military presence from Cyprus, and severing of Greece's ties to NATO and the EC. Organization is obscure, possibly affiliated with other Greek terrorist groups. Activities Initial attacks were selected handgun assassinations against senior US officials, including US Embassy official Richard Welch in 1975 and US Navy Capt. George Tsantes in 1983. Began assassinating Greek officials and public figures in 1976 and added bombings, including attacks against US military buses in 1987 and assassination of US defense attache William Nordeen in 1988. Since 1990 has expanded targeting to include EC facilities and foreign firms investing in Greece and added improvised rocket attacks to its methods. Such an attack against the Greek Finance Minister in 1992 killed a passerby, 17 November's first "civilian" casualty. In 1991 was responsible for at least five of the 15 terrorist attacks against Coalition targets in Greece during the Gulf war, including the assassination in March of a US Army sergeant. Also stepped up attacks against Turkish interests with attempted murder of Turkish Embassy official in July 1991, and assassination of Turkish Embassy press attache in October 1991. Strength Unknown, but presumed to be small. Location/Area of operation Greece, primarily in Athens metropolitan area. External Aid May receive support from other Greek terrorist group cadres. March 1995: 17 November organization in Greece is growing. This group has been blamed for attacks on Greek citizens and businesses, as well as U.S. and Turkish diplomats. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY DECEMBER, 1975: ASSASSINATED U.S. EMBASSY OFFICIAL RICHARD WELCH. JANUARY, 1979: MURDERED A GREEK POLICE OFFICER. JANUARY, 1980: MURDERED THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE GREEK RIOT POLICE AND HIS CHAUFFEUR. NOVEMBER, 1983: MURDERED U.S. NAVY CAPTAIN GEORGE TSANTES AND HIS DRIVER APRIL, 1984: SHOT AND WOUNDED A U.S. ARMY SENIOR NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER AS THE VICTIM WAS TRANSPORTING DOCUMENTS. THE INTENDED VICTIM PROBABLY SAVED HIS LIFE BY BEING ALERT AND TAKING EVASIVE ACTION WHEN HE NOTED THE TWO TERRORISTS APPROACH HIS CAR ON A MOTORCYCLE. FEBRUARY, 1985: ASSASSINATED CONSERVATIVE GREEK NEWSPAPER EDITOR AND HIS CHAUFFEUR. THE COMMUNIQUE CLAIMING RESPONSIBILITY DENOUNCED THE JOURNALIST AS ONE OF THE "...FASCIST AGENTS OF THE CIA." NOVEMBER, 1985: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A GREEK POLICE BUS, KILLING ONE POLICE OFFICER. APRIL, 1986: ASSASSINATED A RETIRED GREEK INDUSTRIALIST. OCTOBER, 1986: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING FOUR GREEK GOVERNMENT OFFICES, INCLUDING THREE TAX OFFICES. THE 17 NOVEMBER COMMUNIQUE DENOUNCED THE GREEK TAX SYSTEM. THE ELA ALSO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBINGS. FEBRUARY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR MAIMING A WEALTHY GREEK PHYSICIAN. APRIL, 1987: BOMBED A BUS CARRYING U.S. AND GREEK MILITARY PERSONNEL NEAR ATHENS. EIGHTEEN PERSONS, INCLUDING SIXTEEN AMERICANS, WERE INJURED. AUGUST, 1987: BOMBED A U.S. BUS IN VOULA, INJURING TEN U.S. SERVICE MEMBERS. JANUARY, 1988: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF A U.S. DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA) AGENT IN ATHENS. MAY, 1988: PLACED HIGH EXPLOSIVES ON TWO AUTOMOBILES BELONGING TO THE TURKISH EMBASSY IN ATHENS. JUNE, 1988: DETONATED A CAR BOMB THAT KILLED U.S. DEFENSE ATTACHE CAPTAIN WILLIAM NORDEEN SHORTLY AFTER HE LEFT HIS ATHENS RESIDENCE. JANUARY, 1989: SHOT THREE PUBLIC PROSECUTORS IN THREE SEPARATE INCIDENTS. ONE OF THE VICTIMS WAS KILLED ON THE SPOT, ANOTHER WAS CRITICALLY WOUNDED AND SUBSQUENTLY DIED OF HIS INJURIES. THE THIRD VICTIM WAS WOUNDED. MAY, 1989: FAILED ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST A FORMER PUBLIC ORDER MINISTER. SEPTEMBER, 1989: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF A MEMBER OF THE GREEK PARLIAMENT. FEBRUARY, 1990: CLAIMED THE THEFT OF ROCKETS, AMMUNITION, HAND GRENADES, BAZOOKAS, AND OTHER ORDNANCE FROM A MILITARY WAREHOUSE IN DECEMBER, 1989 AND A MILITARY MUSEUM IN FEBRUARY, 1990. JUNE, 1990: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON A BUILDING WHICH WAS OCCUPIED BY PROCTOR AND GAMBLE. APPARENTLY THE GROUP STAGED THE ATTACK IN PROTEST OF THE PURCHASE OF A GREEK FIRM BY PROCTOR AND GAMBLE. THE GOVERNMENT OF GREECE CONFIRMED THAT THE WEAPONS USED IN THIS ATTACK WERE STOLEN FROM THE MILITARY MUSEUM AND MILITARY WAREHOUSE IN DECEMBER, 1989 AND FEBRUARY, 1990. JANUARY, 1991: BOMBED TWO BRANCH OFFICES OF CITIBANK AND A BRANCH OFFICE OF BARCLAY'S BANK. JANUARY, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON AN AMERICAN EXPRESS OFFICE AND A GREEK INSURANCE FIRM. MARCH, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A U.S. AIR FORCE SGT. MAY, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF THE SIEMENS COMPANY. MAY, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON A GERMAN-OWNED BREWERY, APPROXIMATELY SIXTY MILES NORTH OF ATHENS. JULY, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION, BY CAR BOMB, OF THE ACTING TURKISH AMBASSADOR TO GREECE. THE TARGET, TWO OF HIS STAFF, AND A PASSERBY WERE INJURED. OCTOBER, 1991: MURDERED THE DEPUTY PRESS ATTACHE OF THE TURKISH EMBASSY IN ATHENS. NOVEMBER, 1991: A POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED WHEN TWO ROCKETS WERE FIRED AT A POLICE BUS IN CENTRAL ATHENS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 43 Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path title 4Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path, SL) Description Larger of Peru's two insurgencies, SL is among world's most ruthless guerrilla organizations. Formed in late 1960s by then university professor Abimael Guzman. Stated goal is to destroy existing Peruvian institutions and replace them with peasant revolutionary regime. Also wants to rid Peru of foreign influences. Guzman's capture in September 1992 was major blow, as were arrests of other SL leaders, defections, and President Fujimorils amnesty program for repentant terrorists. Activities SL engages in particularly brutal forms of terrorism, including the indiscriminate use of car bombs. Almost every institution in Peru has been a target of SL violence. Has bombed diplomatic missions of several countries represented in Peru. Carries out bombing campaigns and selective assassinations. Involved in cocaine trade. Strength Approximately 1,500 to 2,500 armed militants; larger number of supporters, mostly in rural areas. Location/Area of Operation Originally rural based, but has increasingly focused its terrorist attacks in the capital. External Aid None. July 28, 1995: President Fujimori vows to wipe out Sendero Luminoso. April 9, 1995: Sendero Luminoso vows to kill all who vote in the election in TINGO MARIA, Peru. March 17 1995: Margie Clavo Peralta, leader of Sendero Luminoso captured with 19 others. March 4 1995: Town of Ramal de Aspuzana was seized by Sendero Luminoso. 27 July 1993 Peru After first spraying the building with automatic weapons, terrorists exploded a van bomb outside the U.S. Embassy in Lima. One embassy guard was injured. The explosion caused extensive damage to the embassy's facade and perimeter fence. Subsequent small fires caused only minor damage. The nearby Spanish Embassy, together with stores and a U.S.-owned hotel, were also damaged. Two hotel employees and a hotel guest were injured. The explosion coincided with an "armed strike" called by Sendero Luminoso. 7 July 1993 Peru Police discovered the bodies of two European tourists in a remote area of Ayacucho. The two had been traveling together in a region contested by Sendero Luminoso terrorists. 19 May 1993 Peru Terrorists detonated a car bomb in front of the Chilean Embassy in Lima at the end of a strike called by the Sendero Luminoso terrorist group. The explosion damaged the embassy and nearby houses but did not result in any casualties. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY AUGUST, 1981: BOMBED THE U.S. EMBASSY, THE BANK OF AMERICA, A COCA COLA BOTTLER, AND A DAIRY PRODUCT FIRM ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARNATION COMPANY, ALL IN LIMA. JULY, 1982: THREW TWO DYNAMITE BOMBS AT THE U.S. EMBASSY AND SET OFF BOMBS AT THREE PRIVATE BUSINESSES, INJURING THREE PEOPLE. MAY, 1983: BLEW UP TEN ELECTRICAL POWERLINE TOWERS IN A COORDINATED ATTACK THAT BLACKED OUT LIMA AND SET OFF OVER THIRTY BOMBS DURING THE CONFUSION, CAUSING OVER $27 MILLION IN DAMAGE. OCTOBER, 1983: BOMBED THE CAR OF A LIMA POLICE OFFICER. MAY, 1984: MACHINEGUNNED TWO POLICEMEN ON DUTY OUTSIDE THE EMBASSY OF WEST GERMANY IN LIMA, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING THE OTHER. AUGUST, 1984: BURNED AN EVANGELICAL CHURCH RUN BY U.S. MISSIONARIES IN SOUTHEASTERN AYACUCHO DEPARTMENT. NOVEMBER, 1984: BOMBED THE U.S.- PERUVIAN CULTURAL INSTITUTE IN LIMA. APRIL, 1985: SHOT AND CRITICALLY WOUNDED A FORMER JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT WHO WAS SERVING AS PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ELECTIONS TRIBUNAL. JUNE, 1985: ALLEGEDLY PLACED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE PRESIDENTIAL PALACE IN LIMA. AUGUST, 1985: BOMBED A BUS AT THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN LIMA. DECEMBER, 1985: SET OFF A BOMB IN THE LIMA AIRPORT PARKING LOT, KILLING A CHILD AND FOUR OTHER PEOPLE. FEBRUARY, 1986: SHOT AND KILLED A VILLAGE MAYOR, STOLE FOOD STORED IN A CHURCH AND THREATENED TO KILL THE PRIEST. MARCH, 1986: MURDERED THREE PROVINCIAL MAYORS BY SHOOTING THEM IN THE HEAD IN THE TOWN OF CHACRA PAMPAS. JUNE, 1986: OVER 200 ALLEGED SENDERO LUMINOSO MEMBERS WERE KILLED IN A PRISON RIOT AND THE SUBSEQUENT EFFORT OF GOVERNMENT FORCES TO RE-GAIN CONTROL. JUNE, 1986: BOMBED A CUZCO-MACHU PICCHU TOURIST TRAIN, KILLING EIGHT (INCLUDING ONE AMERICAN) AND WOUNDING FORTY (INCLUDING NINE AMERICANS). JULY, 1986: BOMBED THE SOVIET EMBASSY IN LIMA. OCTOBER, 1986: SHOT AND KILLED FORMER NAVY MINISTER ADMIRAL CAFFERATTA. JANUARY, 1987: SHOT AND KILLED SENIOR MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN POPULAR REVOLUTIONARY ALLIANCE (APRA) - CARLOS SILVA. JANUARY, 1987: ATTACKED THE EMBASSY OF INDIA IN LIMA. FEBRUARY, 1987: BOMBED SEVEN BANKS AND BURNED A TEXTILE FACTORY IN LIMA. FEBRUARY, 1987: FAILED IN AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF PERU; DETONATED TWO CAR BOMBS NEAR A POLITICAL RALLY WHERE PRESIDENT GARCIA WAS SPEAKING. MARCH, 1987: CONDUCTED AN UNSUCCESSFUL ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST THE BANK OF TOKYO GENERAL MANAGER. APRIL, 1987: CARRIED OUT A BLOODY DAYLIGHT ATTACK AGAINST A RESTAURANT NEAR THE PERUVIAN ARMY HEADQUARTERS, INDISCRIMINATELY KILLING BOTH MILITARY AND CIVILIANS. APRIL, 1987: KILLED TWO POLICE OFFICERS GUARDING THE HUANCHAC TRAIN STATION IN CUZCO. APRIL, 1987: ATTACKED A BUS CARRYING MILITARY AND CIVILIAN PASSENGERS IN HUANACAVELICA, KILLING THIRTEEN PERSONS. APRIL, 1987: ATTACKED THE NORTH KOREAN COMMERCIAL MISSION IN LIMA, INJURING AT LEAST THREE PEOPLE. MAY, 1987: CONDUCTED A SERIES OF BOMBINGS, BLACKING OUT MOST OF LIMA. TARGETS INCLUDED THE MINISTRIES OF AGRICULTURE, LABOR, AND TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION. JUNE, 1987: ATTACKED AN EXCLUSIVE RESTAURANT IN THE MONTERRICO DISTRICT IN LIMA. AT LEAST ONE RESTAURANT GUARD AND TWO ATTACKERS WERE WOUNDED. JULY-NOVEMBER, 1987: STAGED NUMEROUS CLASHES WITH SECURITY FORCES SUPPORTING NARCOTICS ERADICATION CAMPAIGN IN THE UPPER HUALLAGA VALLEY. AUGUST, 1987: KILLED AN APRA PARTY LEADER. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE CONGRESS BUIDLING, CAUSING A PARTIAL BLACKOUT IN LIMA. KILLED OVER FORTY CIVILIANS IN ATTACKS AGAINST TWO TOWNS IN TOCACHE AREA. NOVEMBER, 1987: SUSPECTED IN COORDINATED LIMA BLACKOUT AND ATTACK AGAINST NISSAN FACTORY, DYNAMITE BOMBINGS OF THE MINISTRIES OF HEALTH AND JUSTICE, AND ATTACK AGAINST U.S. EMBASSY. JUNE, 1988: TWO U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (AID) SUBCONTRACTORS WERE KILLED WHILE TRAVELING NEAR AN AREA CONTROLLED BY SENDERO LUMINOSO. JANUARY, 1989: ASSASSINATED A LOCAL CHIEF OF THE PERUVIAN ANTI-TERRORISM DIRECTORATE. JANUARY, 1989: ATTACKED A GROUP OF JUDGES. TWO JUDGES WERE KILLED AS WERE THREE OF THE POLICE OFFICERS GUARDING THEM. TWELVE TO FIFTEEN MEMBERS OF SENDERO LUMINOSO WERE ALSO REPORTED KILLED. JANUARY, 1989: MURDERED A DEPUTY GOVERNOR AND FOUR OTHER VILLAGE OFFICIALS. JANUARY, 1989: MURDERED 27 CAMEPSINOS WHO WERE MEMBERS OF A PEASANT DEFENSE PATROL. JANUARY, 1989: ASSASSINATED THE MAYOR OF A VILLAGE IN JUNIN DEPARTMENT. JANUARY, 1989: ATTACKED A VILLAGE NEAR LAKE TITICACA. BUILDINGS WERE DYNAMITED AND BURNED; AND THE MAYOR AND SIX OFFICIALS WERE KILLED. FEBRUARY, 1989: ATTACKED A HELICOPTER BASE OPERATED BY THE U.S. DRUG ADMINSTRATION ADMINISTRATION. FEBRUARY, 1989: IN ONE DAY (10 FEBRUARY) SEVERAL SENDERO LUMINOSO OPERATIONS TOOK PLACE: A SENIOR MEMBER OF APRA WAS MURDERED; TWO POLICEMEN WERE KILLED AND TWO OTHERS WERE WOUNDED WHEN THEY TRIED TO LOWER A BOOBY-TRAPPED FLAG; AND THE DEPUTY MAYOR OF A SMALL TOWN NEAR LIMA WAS CRITICALLY WOUNDED IN AN ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT. FEBRUARY, 1989: SENDERO LUMINOSO MASSACRED THIRTY EIGHT CAMPESINOS IN AYACHUCO DEPARTMENT AS PUNISHMENT FOR ORGANIZING A SELF DEFENSE UNIT. MARCH, 1989: ON 3/2/89 THREE SEPARATE SENDERO LUMINOSO OPERATIONS TOOK PLACE: IN ONE TOWN A FRENCH TOURIST WAS MURDERED; IN ANOTHER TOWN TWO SCHOOL TEACHERS WERE MURDERED IN FRONT OF THEIR STUDENTS; AND IN THE THIRD INCIDENT A TEACHER AND HIS THIRTEEN YEAR OLD SON WERE MURDERED. MARCH, 1989: FIVE CIVIL SERVANTS IN A SMALL TOWN WERE MURDERED. ONE OF THE VICTIMS WAS THE TOWN'S MAYOR. MARCH, 1989: TWENTY SIX CAMPESINOS, MEMBERS OF A VILLAGE SELF DEFENSE UNIT, WERE MURDERED. APRIL, 1989: SENDERO LUMINOSO MURDERED AN AUSTRIAN JOURNALIST. APRIL, 1990: BOMBED A POLITICAL RALLY BEING ADDRESSED BY THE PRESIDENTIAL CANNDIDATE OF THE RULING PARTY. APRIL, 1990: ATTACKED A U.S. BUILT ANTI-NARCOTICS BASE IN THE UPPER HUALLAGA VALLEY. APRIL, 1990: MASSACRED FIFTY ELDERLY PEOPLE AND CHILDREN IN SONOMORO. MAY, 1990: DYNAMITE ATTACK ON THE MOTORCADE OF A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. MAY, 1990: A SENDERO LUMINOSO ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL IN LIMA WAS FOILED. JUNE, 1990: KIDNAPPED AND MURDERED TWO BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS IN THE UPPER HUALLAGA VALLEY. AUGUST, 1990: MURDERED TWO PERUVIAN MORMOM MISSIONARIES. OCTOBER, 1990: PERPETRATED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS AND ARSON. AMONG THE TARGETS WERE: THE EMBASSY OF WEST GERMANY; ELECTRICAL POWER PYLONS; FACTORIES; PUBLIC PARKS. THE ATTACKS TOOK PLACE IN LIMA AND THE PORT CITY OF EL CALLAO. DECEMBER, 1990: CONDUCTED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS AND ARSON ATTACKS IN LIMA. AT LEAST SEVENTEEN BANKS WERE BOMBED AND FIVE BUSES BURNED. FEBRUARY, 1991: BOMBED THE EMBASSY OF JAPAN IN LIMA. APRIL, 1991: MURDERED A PERUVIAN AGRONOMIST WORKING ON A RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. APRIL, 1991: CONDUCTED A SERIES OF BOMBINGS IN LIMA AS A PROTEST OF THE U.S.- PERUVIAN ANTI-NARCOTICS AGREEMENTS. APRIL, 1991: CONDUCTED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS AND ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS IN LIMA. NEARLY FORTY BOMBINGS, PRIMARILY AGAINST BANKS, WERE CARRIED OUT. MAY, 1991: MURDERED AN AUSTRALIAN NUN AND FOUR VILLAGERS. JUNE, 1991: MURDERED A SOVIET WOMAN EMPLOYED AT A LIMA TEXTILE MILL. JUNE, 1991: ATTACKED A U.S. BUILT ANTI-NARCOTICS BASE IN THE UPPER HUALLAGA VALLEY. JULY, 1991: CARRIED OUT A ROCKET AND MACHINEGUN ATTACK ON THE HOME OF THE PERUVIAN MINISTER OF ECONOMY IN LIMA. JULY, 1991: A BRIEFCASE BOMB DETONATED AT THE PALACE OF JUSTICE IN LIMA. JULY, 1991: MURDERED A BUSINESS MAN OF JAPANESE DESCENT. AUGUST, 1991: MURDERED TWO POLISH PRIESTS AND A LOCAL MAYOR; ALSO BRIEFLY ABDUCTED AN ITALIAN NUN. AUGUST, 1991: MASSACRED AT LEAST FIFTY PEOPLE (MINE WORKERS AND THEIR WIVES). AUGUST, 1991: ASSASSINATED AN ITALIAN PRIEST. DECEMBER, 1991: CONDUCTED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS IN LIMA. AMONG THE TARGETS WERE THE EMBASSY OF FRANCE, THE RESIDENCE OF THE SPANISH AMBASSADOR, AND AT LEAST FIVE BANKS. JANUARY, 1992: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SHOOTING DOWN A U.S.-OWNED HELICOPTER ON LOAN TO PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT ANTI-DRUG AUTHORITIES. FOUR PERSONS WERE KILLED, INCLUDING THREE AMERICAN CREW MEMBERS. FEBRUARY, 1992: BOMBED ELECTRICAL POWER PYLONS TO INDUCE A BLACKOUT IN LIMA AND FOLLOWED WITH A WAVE OF ATTACKS THROUGHOUT THE CITY KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING THIRTY FIVE. FEBRUARY, 1992: DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR TO PERU. THREE PERUVIAN POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED. THE BOMBING WAS PART OF A WAVE OF A DOZEN BOMBINGS OVER A THREE HOUR PERIOD IN LIMA. FEBRUARY, 1992: DESTROYED A POLICE VAN NEAR LIMA, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING SIX. FEBRUARY, 1992: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A MAYOR AND HIS WIFE IN A SMALL TOWN. MARCH, 1992: ATTACKED A TOWN SITUATED 120 MILES FROM LIMA, KILLING TWO LOCAL OFFICIALS AND THREE PEASANT LEADERS. MARCH, 1992: ATTACKED A PERUVIAN NAVAL VEHICLE NEAR LIMA, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING ONE. APRIL, 1992: LOADED A BUS WITH APPROXIMATELY 220 POUNDS OF DYNAMITE AND ROLLED IT DOWN A HILL INTO A POLICE STATION, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING TWENTY TWO. APRIL, 1992: DETONATED A CAR BOMB AT A POLICE STATION, KILLING FOUR AND WOUNDING TWENTY. APRIL, 1992: DETONATED A CAR BOMB OUTSIDE A PERUVIAN ARMY BARRACKS IN LIMA, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING THREE. MAY, 1992: FORTY SEVEN SENDERO LUMINOSO PRISONERS AND TWO GUARDS WERE KILLED IN THE COURSE OF A PRISON UPRISING. MAY, 1992: SEIZED TWO TOWNS NORTH OF LIMA AND MURDERED TWENTY MEMBERS OF THE LOCAL PEASANT MILITIA. MAY, 1992: MURDERED A RELATIVE OF AN ADVISOR TO THE PRESIDENT OF PERU. JUNE, 1992: DETONATED A TRUCK BOMB AT A LIMA TELEVISION STATION, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING TWENTY. JUNE, 1992: AMBUSHED A MILITARY CONVOY KILLING ELEVEN SOLDIERS AND SIX CIVILIANS. SEPTEMBER, 1992: ABIMAEL GUZMAN, THE FOUNDER AND LEADER OF SENDERO LUMINOSO WAS CAPTURED DURING A RAID BY PERUVIAN ANTI-TERRORIST POLICE. OCTOBER, 1992: ON OCTOBER 7, 1992, ABIMAEL GUZMAN WAS SENTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT. OCTOBER, 1992: CONDUCTED A ROCKET ATTACK AGAINST THE RESIDENCE OF THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR TO PERU. NO INJURIES. OCTOBER, 1992: WITHIN DAYS OF ABIMAEL GUZMAN BEING SENTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT, A FORCE OF 50 SENDERO GUERRILLAS ENTERED A VILLAGE IN LA MAR PROVINCE AND MURDERED FORTY FOUR PERSONS - MEMBERS OF THE VILLAGE SELF DEFENSE FORCE AS WELL AS WOMEN AND CHILDREN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 44 Sikh Terrorism title Sikh Terrorism Description Sikh terrorism is sponsored by expatriate and Indian Sikh groups who want to carve out an independent Sikh state called Khalistan (Land of the Pure) from Indian territory. Sikh violence outside India, which surged following the Indian Army's 1984 assault on the Golden Temple, Sikhism's holiest shrine, has decreased significantly since mid-1992, although Sikh militant cells are active internationally and extremists gather funds from overseas Sikh communities. Active groups include Babbar Khalsa, Azad Khalistan Babbar Khalsa Force, Khalistan Liberation Front, Khalistan Commando Force, and Khalistan National Army. Many of these groups operate under umbrella organizations, the most significant of which is the Second Panthic committee. Activities Sikh attacks in India are mounted against Indian officials and facilities, other Sikhs, and Hindus; they include assassinations, bombings, and kidnappings. Sikh extremists probably bombed the Air India jet downed over the Irish Sea in June 1985, killing 329 passengers and crew. On the same day, a bomb planted by Sikhs on an Air India flight from Vancouver exploded in Tokyo's Narita Airport, killing two Japanese baggage handlers. In 1991, Sikh terrorists attempted to assassinate the Indian Ambassador in Romania-- once India's senior police officer in Punjab from 1986 to 1989--and kidnapped and held the Romanian charge in New Delhi for seven weeks. In January 1993, Indian police arrested Sikhs in New Delhi as they were conspiring to detonate a bomb to disrupt India's Republic Day, and, in September 1993, Sikh militants attempted to assassinate the Sikh chief of the ruling Congress Party's youth wing with a bomb. Sikh attacks in India, ranging from kidnappings and assassinations to remote-controlled bombings, have dropped markedly since mid-1992 as Indian security forces have killed or captured a host of senior Sikh militant leaders. Total civilian deaths in Punjab have declined more than 95 percent since more than 3,300 civilians died in 1991. The drop results largely from Indian Army, paramilitary, and police successes against extremist groups. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of Operation Northern India, Western Europe, Southeast Asia, and North America. External Aid Sikh expatriates have formed a variety of international organizations that lobby for the Sikh cause overseas. Most prominent are the World Sikh Organization and the International Sikh Youth Federation. Other related organizations: DAL KHALSA 10/28/92 GP00011 KEY WORDS: POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * CREATE AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE IN THE PUNJAB; * TARGET THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT, THE SIKH MODERATE COMMUNITY, AND HINDUS IN GENERAL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE DAL KHALSA, THE OLDEST OF THE SIKH SEPARATIST GROUPS, WAS ESTABLISHED WITH THE AVOWED OBJECT OF DEMANDING AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE. IT BECAME INVOLVED IN TERRORISM AFTER THE SIKH INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT TURNED VIOLENT UNDER SANT JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE IN 1981. THE DAL KHALSA WAS BANNED OFFICIALLY BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AFTER ALLEGEDLY PARICIPATING IN THE APRIL 1982 SIKH-HINDU COMMUNAL RIOTING. THE GROUP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF GENERAL A.S. VAIYDA, CHIEF OF THE INDIAN ARMY STAFF DURING THE 1984 ARMY ASSAULT ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE. THE ASSASSINATION OF VAIYDA TOOK PLACE IN AUGUST, 1986 AND DAL KHALSA CLAIMED THAT HE HAD BEEN ON THE GROUP'S TARGET LIST SINCE THE TIME OF THE ARMY ATTACK ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE. DASHMESH 10/28/92 GP00012 KEY WORDS: DASHMESH REGIMENT; TENTH REGIMENT; 10TH REGIMENT POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * ESTABLISH KHALISTAN AS AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE; * TARGET INDIAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, MODERATE SIKHS, AND HINDU RESIDENTS OF THE PUNJAB. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE DASHMESH "TENTH" REGIMENT PROBABLY WAS ORGANIZED UNDER THE AEGIS OF SANT JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE. AFTER CONDUCTING A REIGN OF TERROR IN THE PUNJAB IN THE EARLY 1980S, HE WAS KILLED BY THE INDIAN ARMY IN A JUNE 1984 ATTACK ON THE SIKH GOLDEN TEMPLE. THE GROUP WAS NAMED AFTER THE SIKHS' REVERED 10TH AND LAST GURU, GOBIND SINGH, WHO IN THE 18TH CENTURY, IN ADDITION TO GREATLY INFLUENCING THE SIKH RELIGION, FORGED THE SIKHS INTO A WARRIOR CLASS. THE DASHMESH REGIMENT'S FOUNDER IS REPUTED TO HAVE BEEN MAJOR GENERAL SHAHEG SINGH, A SIKH OFFICER WITH EXPERIENCE TRAINING IRREGULARS IN BANGLADESH, AND WHO WAS SUBSEQUENTLY CASHIERED FROM THE INDIAN ARMY FOR CORRUPTION. HOWEVER, SHORTLY BEFORE HIS DEATH IN THE ATTACK ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE, THE GENERAL VEHEMENTLY DISCLAIMED ANY CONNECTION WITH THE DASHMESH REGIMENT OR ANY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SUCH A REGIMENT. SURINDER SINGH GILL, AN ORTHODOX SIKH WHO GAVE UP A PRIZED CIVIL SERVICE POSITION TO JOIN BHINDRANWALE, PROBABLY WAS THE GROUP'S FIRST LEADER. FOLLOWING THE ASSAULT ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE, DASHMESH GAINED INCREASED COVERT AND POPULAR SUPPORT AND HAS CONTINUED TO CLAIM RESPONSIBILITY FOR TERRORIST OPERATIONS THROUGHOUT INDIA AND THE WORLD. EXAMPLES OF ATTACKS CLAIMED BY DASHMESH ARE THE FOLLOWING: IN JUNE 1985 DASHMESH CLAIMED RESPONSIBILTY FOR AN INCIDENT AT TOKYO'S NARITA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT WHEN A BOMB DESTINED FOR PLACEMENT ON AN AIR INDIA JET LINER EXPLODED PREMATURELY, KILLING TWO BAGGAGE HANDLERS. DASHMESH ALSO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MIDAIR DESTRUCTION OF AN AIR INDIA 747 FROM A BOMB PLACED IN THE LUGGAGE COMPARTMENT. ANOTHER TERRORIST GROUP, THE KASHMIR LIBERATION FRONT ALSO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS Terror Groups 45 TERRA LLIURE title TERRA LLIURE 10/28/92 GP00035 KEY WORDS: FREE LAND; TL DESCRIPTION: A LEFT WING CATALONIAN SEPARATIST TERRORIST GROUP FORMED IN THE 1970S WITH THE GOAL OF ESTABLISHING AN INDEPENDENT MARXIST STATE IN THE SPANISH PROVINCES OF VALENCIA AND CATALONIA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: PRIMARILY SMALL-SCALE BOMBINGS AGAINST PROPERTY IN NORTHEASTERN SPAIN. TARGETS INCLUDE FOREIGN BANKS AND TRAVEL AGENCIES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED RECENT INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1987: A BOMB DETONATED IN FRONT OF THE BANCO HISPANO-AMERICANO IN BARCELONA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. OCTOBER, 1987: A BOMB DETONATED IN A STAIRWELL OUTSIDE OF THE REAR ENTRANCE OF THE U.S. CONSULATE IN BARCELONA. EIGHT PERSONS WERE INJURED. TWO GROUPS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK: TERRA LLIURE, AND THE RED ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF CATALONIA (ERCA). DECEMBER, 1987: TWO EXPLOSIVE DEVICES WERE THROWN INTO THE "IRUNA" BAR IN BARCELONA, WHICH WAS THE TEMPORARY QUARTERS OF THE USO. ONE AMERICAN SAILOR DIED OF HIS INJURIES AND NINE OTHER U.S. SAILORS WERE INJURED. THE RED ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF CATALONIA (ERCA) AND TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MARCH, 1988: TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE BRITISH CONSULATE IN BARCELONA IN SYMPATHY FOR THE IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY. MARCH, 1988: TWO BOMBS DETONATED IN BARCELONA. ONE WAS DIRECTED AT A CIVIL GUARDS BARRACKS; AND A WOMAN WAS INJURED. THE SECOND BOMB DAMAGED AN ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MAY, 1988: ELEVEN PERSONS WERE INJURED IN BARCELONA AS A RESULT OF TWO BOMBS WHICH EXPLODED WITHIN 15 MINUTES OF EACH OTHER AT A BANK. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1988: THREE BOMBS DETONATED IN BARCELONA ON THE MORNING OF JULY 17. THE BOMBINGS TOOK PLACE AT THE OFFICES OF THE ELECTRIC COMPANY, AN UNEMPLOYMENT OFFICE AND A BANK BRANCH. A FOURTH DEVICE WAS FOUND AT ANOTHER UNEMPLOYMENT OFFICE AND DISARMED. TWO PERSONS WERE INJURED IN THE THREE EXPLOSIONS. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBINGS WHICH WERE CARRIED OUT TO PROTEST THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NUCLEAR POWER STATION AND THE 1992 OLYMPIC GAMES TO BE HELD IN BARCELONA. AUGUST, 1988: A BOMB DETONATED AT A BAR LOCATED IN BARCELONA'S RED LIGHT DISTRICT. THE BAR WAS LOCATED BEHIND A CIVIL GUARDS BARRACKS. THERE WERE NO REPORTED INJURIES. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. AUGUST, 1988: TWO BOMBS DETONATED IN THE EARLY MORNING HOURS OF AUGUST 25, 1988. ONE DEVICE DETONATED AT 3:15 AM, AND THE SECOND AT 4:30 AM. BOTH BOMBS DETONATED IN FRONT OF BANKS IN BARCELONA. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY STATING THAT THE BOMBINGS WERE IN RETALIATION OF THE BANKS' SUPPORT OF THE 1992 OLYMPIC GAMES. MAY, 1989: TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF A CIVIL WAR MEMORIAL ON THE ISLAND OF MALLORCA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. SEPTEMBER, 1989: TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A CIVIL GUARD POST IN GERONA PROVINCE IN WHICH TWO CIVIL GUARDS WERE SERIOUSLY WOUNDED. SEPTEMBER, 1989: TERRA LLIURE WARNED THAT THE 1992 BARCELONA OLYMPICS WILL CONTINUE TO BE THE GROUP'S "PRIMARY" TARGET. MARCH, 1990: THREE BOMBS DETONATED ON MARCH 9, 1990, OUTSIDE THREE COURTHOUSES IN BARCELONA. THERE WERE NO REPORTED CASUALTIES. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1991: SPANISH MEDIA SOURCES REPORTED THAT TERRA LLIURE HAD UNDERGONE AN INTERNAL DIVISION IN WHICH THE LEADERSHIP OF THE GROUP AND A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE RANK AND FILE HAD VOTED TO CEASE TERRORIST ACTIVITIES. OCTOBER, 1991: A BOMB WAS FOUND IN GOVERNMENT OFFICES IN GERONA. THE DEVICE WAS DISARMED. WHILE NO PERSON OR GROUP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE DEVICE, CIVIL GUARDS SOURCES STATED IT WAS OF THE TYPE USED BY TERRA LLIURE, AND THAT THE INCIDENT TOOK PLACE IN AN AREA OF SPAIN IN WHICH TERRA LLIURE HAD HISTORICALLY OPERATED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 46 The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) title The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) Other known front organizations: World Tamil Association (WTA), World Tamil Movement (WTM), the Federation of Associations of Canadian Tamils (FACT) Description Founded in 1976, the LTTE is the most powerful group in Sri Lanka and uses overt and illegal methods to raise funds, acquire weapons, and publicize its cause of establishing an independent Tamil state. The LTTE began its armed conflict with the Sri Lankan government in 1983 and relies on a guerrilla strategy that includes the use of terrorist tactics. Activities The Tigers have integrated a battlefield insurgent strategy with a terrorist program that targets not only key personnel in the countryside but also senior Sri Lankan political and military leaders in Colombo. Political assassinations have become commonplace and culminated in May 1993 with the fatal bombing of President Ranasinghe Premadasa. Other key figures assassinated since 1990 include moderate Tamil leader A. Amirthalingam (1990), Cabinet Minister Ranjan Wijeratne (1990), former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1991), Army General Denzil Kobbakaduwa (1992), Navy Chief Vice Admiral Clancy Fernando (1992), and opposition party leader Lalith Athulathmudali. Strength Approximately 10,000 armed combatants in Sri Lanka; about three to six thousand form a trained cadre of fighters. The LTTE also has a significant overseas support structure for fundraising, weapons procurement, and propaganda activities. Location/Area of Operation The Tigers control most of the northern and eastern coastal areas of Sri Lanka but have conducted operations throughout the island. Headquartered in the Jaffna peninsula, LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran has established an extensive network of checkpoints and informants to keep track of any "outsiders" who enter the group's area of control. The LTTE prefers to attack vulnerable government facilities, then withdraw before reinforcements arrive. External aid The LTTE's overt organizations support Tamil separatism by lobbying foreign governments and the United Nations. The LTTE also uses its international contacts to procure weapons, communications, and bomb-making equipment. The LTTE exploits large Tamil communities in North America, Europe, and Asia to obtain funds and supplies for its fighters in Sri Lanka. Information obtained since the mid-1980s indicates that some Tamil communities in Europe are also involved in narcotics smuggling. Tamils historically have served as drug couriers moving narcotics into Europe. May 1995: 50,000 people - soldiers, rebels and civilians have been killed in this struggle. May 1995: 23 soldiers killed, mortars and ammunition captured by LTTE. April 1995: 90 people killed when two separate aircraft were shot down by the LTTE. January 5, 1995: Truce signed. Selected Incident Chronology April 1975 - Claimed responsibility for the murder of Jaffna mayor Alfred Doriappa. July 1983 - Ambushed and killed 13 soldiers, setting off island-wide ethnic riots. April 1986 - Killed many members of another Tamil group (TELO) after a week of fighting: May 1986 - Suspected of organizing the bombing of an Air Lanka aircraft at Colombo airport, killing 15. June 1986 - Believed to be behind the placing of a rickshaw bomb in front of a crowded Colombo movie theater and exploding time bombs on two buses. July 1986 - Blamed for placing bombs on buses over a bay period, causing an estimated 100 deaths. September 1986 - Murdered a German engineer attached to the Deutsche Welle radio-relay station. December 1986 - In one week, attacked and killed over 90 members of a rival militant group, the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front. February 1987 - Hacked to death 28 sleeping villagers, including 5 women and 10 children in Ampara, Sri Lanka. April 1987 - Bombed central bus station in Colombo, killing 106 people and wounding 295 others. April 1987 - Attacked four buses, killing 107 people near the village of Aluth-Oya. June 1987 - Attacked a busload of Buddhist monks traveling south of Batticaloa, killing 29 and wounding 17. October 1987 - When 12 captured LTTE members committed suicide by taking cyanide capsules, the group unleashed a wave of terrorist attacks in reprisal, killing more than 200, including several captured Sri Lankan soldiers. May 1988 - Planted two landmines in Trincomalee; explosions killed seven members of the Indian Peacekeeping Force. March 1992 - 38 soldiers and scores of rebels were killed in KOKKUTHUDUWAN. May 1992 - Two high level leaders charged in connection with the slaying of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Velupillai Prabhakaran and Pottu Amman. Pottu Amman, the rebels' intelligence chief, charged as the main figure in the assassination. Both guerrilla leaders are in Sri Lanka's northern jungles. India has banned the Tamil Tiger group. December 1992 - 10 soldiers and 18 separatist guerrillas were were killed in Nanaddan. More than 17,500 people have been killed since 1983. Terror Groups 47 The Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) title The Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) aka: The National Liberation Army of Iran (The military wing of the MEK), Muslim Iranian Students Society (front organization used to garner financial support) Description Formed in the 1960s by the college-educated children of Iranian merchants, the MEK sought to counter what is perceived as excessive Western influence in the Shah's regime. In the 1970s, the MEK -- led by Masud Rajavi after 1978 -- concluded that violence was the only way to bring about change in Iran. Since then, the MEK -- following a philosophy that mixes Marxism and Islam -- has developed into the largest and most active armed Iranian dissident group. Its history is studded with anti-Western activity, and, most recently, attacks on the interests of the clerical regime in Iran and abroad. Activities The MEK directs a worldwide campaign against the Iranian Government that stresses propaganda and occasionally uses terrorist violence. During the 1970s, the MEK staged terrorist attacks inside Iran to destabilize and embarrass the Shah's regime; the group killed several U.S. military personnel and civilians working on defense projects in Tehran. In 1979 the group supported the takeover of the US Embassy in Tehran. In April 1992, the MEK carried out nearly simultaneous attacks on Iranian Embassies in 13 different countries in North America, Europe, and the Pacific Rim. The attacks caused extensive property damage and demonstrated the group's ability to mount large-scale operations overseas. The group is responsible for two armed attacks during 1993. Strength Several thousand fighters based in Iraq with an extensive overseas support structure. Most of the fighters are organized in the MEK's National Liberation Army (NLA). Location/Area of Operation In the 1980s, the MEK's leaders were forced by Iranian security forces to flee to France. Most resettled in Iraq by 1987. Since the mid-1980s, the MEK has not mounted terrorists operations in Iran at a level similar to its activities in the 1970s. Aside from the National Liberation Army's attacks into Iran toward the end of the Iran-Iraq war, and occasional NLA cross- border incursions since, the MEK's attacks on Iran have amounted to little more than harassment. The MEK has had more success in confronting Iranian representatives overseas through propaganda and street demonstrations. External Aid Beyond support from Iraq, the MEK uses front organizations to solicit contributions from expatriate Iranian communities. Terror Groups 48 Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) title "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) Description Traditional Marxist-Leninist revolutionary movement formed in 1983. Currently struggling to remain viable. Has suffered from defections and government counterterrorist successes in addition to infighting and loss of leftist support. objective remains to rid Peru of "imperialism" and establish Marxist regime. Activities Bombings, kidnappings, ambushes, assassinations. Previously responsible for large number of anti-US attacks; recent activity has dropped off dramatically. Strength Unknown; greatly diminished in past year. Location/Area of Operation Peru; provided assistance in Bolivia to Bolivian ELN. External Aid None. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MARCH, 1984: MACHINEGUNNED THE RESIDENCE OF A FORMER MINISTER OF ECONOMY. SEPTEMBER, 1984: MURDERED A NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER IN A MACHINEGUN ATTACK ON A GUARD POST AT THE LIMA NAVAL HOSPITAL. OCTOBER, 1984: FIRED ON THE EXTERIOR OF THE U.S. EMBASSY BUILDING. MARCH, 1985: SET FIRE TO TWO KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN RESTAURANTS AND ATTEMPTED TO IGNITE A THIRD. JULY, 1985: WOUNDED THREE CIVILIANS IN SHOOTING AND BOMBING ATTACKS ON SIX LIMA POLICE STATIONS. NOVEMBER, 1985: BOMBED THE LIMA OFFICES OF THE TEXACO CORPORATION. NOVEMBER, 1985: FIRED SHOTS INTO THE U.S. EMBASSY COMPOUND AND ATTEMPTED TO THROW A BOMB, WHICH DETONATED ON A SIDEWALK OUTSIDE THE EMBASSY. JANUARY, 1986: OCCUPIED TWO RADIO STATIONS AND BRADCAST A PROTEST OF U.S. SENATOR EDWARD KENNEDY. APRIL, 1986: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR A CAR BOMB AT THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR, AS WELL AS SEVERAL OTHER BOMBS AT U.S AND U.S.- AFFILIATED BUILDINGS, INCLUDING BANKS AND BUSINESSES. AUGUST, 1986: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBS PLACED IN TWO GOVERNMENT OF PERU MINISTRY BUILDINGS A FEW DAYS AFTER ANNOUNCING AN END TO A SELF- PROCLAIMED TRUCE WITH THE GARCIA GOVERNMENT. SEPTEMBER, 1986: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON THE EMBASSY OF CHILE IN SOLIDARITY WITH LEFTIST GROUPS OPPOSING THE PINOCHET GOVERNMENT IN CHILE. DECEMBER, 1986: DYNAMITED SEVERAL U.S. OR U.S.- AFFILIATED FACILITIES. SLOGANS PAINTED ON THE BUILDINGS ANNOUNCED THE MERGER OF THE MRTA AND THE JANUARY, 1987: AMBUSHED AND MURDERED AN ARMY RECRUITING OFFICER IN HUANCAYO. JANUARY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A BUILDING WHICH HOUSED THE OFFICES OF A U.S. AIRLINE, THE UNITED NATIONS, AND THE EMBASSY OF AUSTRIA. FEBRUARY, 1987: TOOK OVER SIX RADIO STATIONS IN LIMA TO DENOUNCE THE GOVERNMENT. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1987: BOMBED SEVERAL BRANCHES OF PERU'S LARGEST BANKS. MARCH, 1987: TOOK OVER A RADIO STATION, INVADED A CHURCH, AND OCCUPIED A PRIVATE MANUFACTURING CONCERN TO GIVE REVOLUTIONARY SPEECHES AND URGE PARTICIPATION IN THE "ARMED STRUGGLE." THIS FORM OF PROPAGANDIZING WAS A NEW MODUS OPERANDI FOR THE MRTA-MIR GROUPS. MARCH, 1987: DYNAMITED A CONTAINER COMPANY. A MANAGER WHO CHASED ONE TERRORIST WAS SHOT AND KILLED BY OTHER TERRORISTS DURING THEIR ESCAPE. APRIL, 1987: TOOK OVER A RADIO STATION IN TACNA AND BROADCAST A FIFTEEN MINUTE PRERECORDED MESSAGE CALLING FOR ARMED STRUGGLE AGAINST THE GARCIA GOVERNMENT. MAY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BLOWING UP FOUR BUSES IN SUPPORT OF NATIONAL WORK STOPPAGE; AGAIN TOOK OVER LIMA RADIO STATIONS TO BROADCAST PRO-MRTA MESSAGES. JUNE, 1987: INVADED TWO RADIO STATIONS IN LIMA AND FORCED THEM TO BROADCAST A TAPE MARKING THE SECOND ANNIVERSARY OF A MRTA ATTACK DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT BELAUNDE. JUNE, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE SUBURBAN LIMA BRANCH OF BANCO DE CREDITO; MRTA PROPAGANDA WAS FOUND AT THE SCENE. AUGUST, 1987: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR A GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST THE PRESIDENTIAL PALACE. SEPTEMBER, 1987: BY SEPTEMBER HAD CONDUCTED SOME 39 BOMBINGS AT MAJOR BANKING FACILITIES IN ADDITION TO BOMBINGS AT GOVERNMENT OFFICES, UNIVERSITY SITES, AND U.S.-OWNED BUSINESS LOCATIONS. OCTOBER, 1987: SET OFF SMALL BOMBS AT THE BOLIVIAN EMBASSY AND AN ANNEX OF THE U.S. CONSULATE. NOVEMBER, 1987: A COLUMN OF MORE THAN EIGHTY MRTA INSURGENTS STAGED A CAREFULLY PLANNED, WELL-PUBLICIZED TAKEOVER OF JUANJUI, SAN MARTIN PROVINCE, DEPARTING THE AREA BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF GOVERNMENT SECURITY FORCES. FEBRAURY, 1988: CAUSED EXTENSIVE DAMAGE BUT NO INJURIES IN BOMBINGS OF SHELL OIL OFFICES, A PHARMACEUTICAL FACTORY, A FURNITURE STORE, AND THE ARMCO PERU PLANT IN LIMA. MARCH, 1988: BOMBED THE LIMA HEADQUARTERS OF ANGLO-NETHERLANDS ROYAL DUTCH SHELL OIL COMPANY, INJURING TWO PERSONS AND CAUSING CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE. APRIL, 1988: SIMULTANEOUSLY BOMBED TWO LIMA U.S. INFORMATION SERVICE (USIS) BINATIONAL CENTERS, DAMAGING THEIR FACADES AND INJURING TWO. JUNE, 1988: FIRED THREE 60MM MORTAR ROUNDS AT THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR. THE ATTACK CAUSED ONLY MINOR DAMAGE. JULY, 1988: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR KIDNAPPING A PERUVIAN BUSINESSMAN. JANUARY, 1989: ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. IN THE FAILED ATTEMPT, FOUR BODYGUARDS WERE WOUNDED. JANUARY, 1989: FIREBOMBED A LIMA RESTAURANT FREQUENTED BY U.S. DIPLOMATS. THERE WERE NO CASUALTIES. FEBRUARY, 1989: RAIDED AND LOOTED A STATE-OWNED OIL FIELD CAMP. NO CASUALTIES. MARCH, 1989: BOMBED THE VENEZUELAN EMBASSY IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. OCTOBER, 1989: BOMBED THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN LIMA. OCTOBER, 1989: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE KIDNAPPING A RADIO/TELEVISION MAGNATE. DECEMBER, 1989: BOMBED THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN AREQUIPA. NO CASUALTIES. DECEMBER, 1989: BOMBED A MORMON CHAPEL IN TARAPOTO. NO CASUALTIES. JANUARY, 1990: BOMBED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. MARINE EMBASSY GUARDS IN LIMA. ONE PASSERBY INJURED. FEBRUARY, 1990: BOMBED THE U.S. EMBASSY WAREHOUSE, THE PANAMANIAN EMBASSY, AND THE OFFICES OF A U.S. - AFFILIATED COMPANY. NO CASUALTIES. JULY, 1990: FORTY EIGHT MRAT MEMBERS, INCLUDING THE GROUP'S LEADER, ESCAPED FROM PRISON. JULY, 1990: BOMBED THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN CUSCO. NO CASUALTIES. JULY, 1990: BOMBED THE LIMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. NO CASUALTIES. NOVEMBER, 1990: BOMBED THE OFFICES OF THE XEROX CORPORATION AND A SYNAGOGUE IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. NOVEMBER, 1990: CONDUCTED A ROCKET ATTACK AGAINST THE U.S. CONSULATE IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. NOVEMBER, 1990: BOMBED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR TO PERU AND THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. DECEMBER, 1990: BOMBED THE U.S., SOVIET, AND JAPANESE EMBASSIES, PLUS TWO DEPARTMENT STORES AND A SUPERMARKET IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. DECEMBER, 1990: CAR BOMB AT A SHOPPING MALL IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. FEBRUARY, 1991: BOMBED THE BRITISH CULTURAL CENTER IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. FEBRUARY, 1991: BOMBED A U.S. - AFFILIATED SECURITY FIRM WHICH SERVED THE U.S. EMBASSY. TWO PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND FIVE OTHERS WERE INJURED. FEBRUARY, 1991: BOMBED TWO RESTUARANTS (KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN & PIZZA HUT). SIX PERSONS WERE INJURED AT THE KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN SITE. MARCH, 1991: BOMBED TWO MORMON CHAPELS IN CHICLAYO. ONE INJURY. ADDITIONAL BOMBS WERE DOSCOVERED AND DISARMED AT TWO OTHER MORMON CHAPELS. NOVEMBER, 1991: GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST PRESIDENTIAL PALACE. THREE WERE HURT. NOVEMBER, 1991: UNSUCCESSFUL MORTAR AND CAR BOMB ATTACK AGAINST THE PRESIDENTIAL PALACE IN LIMA. NO INJURIES. MARCH, 1992: CONDUCTED SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS AGAINST TWO RESTAURANTS IN LIMA, CLAIMING THAT THE MANAGERS HAD ACTED IN A "REPRESSIVE" MANNER DURING A PAY DISPUTE. ONE RESTAURANT WAS BOMBED AND THE OTHER WAS BURNED. THERE WERE NO SERIOUS INJURIES. MARCH, 1992: FIVE BOMBS DAMAGED AN ELECTRICAL POWER GRID BLACKING OUT PART OF THE CITY OF TRUJILLO.JULY, 1992: CONDUCTED MULTIPLE ATTACKS ON AT LEAST FOUR TOWNS. IN THE COURSE OF THE ATTACKS AT LEAST FOUR BANKS WERE LOOTED. TWO POLICE OFFICERS, ONE ARMY OFFICER, AND FIVE CIVILIANS WERE REPORTED KILLED. SEVERAL PEOPLE WERE WOUNDED. AUGUST, 1992: TUPAC AMARU DETONATED A MINE IN LIMA'S MIRAFLORES DISTRICT, FORCING AN ARMY TRUCK OFF OF A CLIFF. FIVE OF THE SOLDIERS IN THE TRUCK WERE KILLED AND SIX WERE SERIOUSLY INJURED. A PASSERBY WAS REPORTED KILLED. AUGUST, 1992: OCCUPIED THE OFFICES OF UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL IN LIMA AND FORCED A CORRESPONDENT TO TRANSMIT A MESSAGE DENOUNCING PRESIDENT FUJIMORI OVER THE UPI WIRE. THE TERRORISTS LEFT BEHIND A BOMB WHICH WAS DISARMED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Terror Groups 49 Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army (EGTK) title Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army (EGTK) Description Indigenous, anti-Western Bolivian subversive organization. Activities Frequently attacks small, unprotected targets, such as power pylons, oil pipelines, and government offices. Has targeted Mormon churches with fire- bombings and attacked USAID motorpool in January 1993. Strength Fewer than 100 Location/Area of Operation Bolivia, primarily the Chapare region, near the Peruvian border, and the Altiplano. External Aid None. Terror Groups 50 Macheteros (Machete Wielders) title Macheteros (Machete Wielders) Date Formed: 1978. Estimated Membership: Unknown. Headquarters: Unknown Area of Operations: Puerto Rico. Leadership: Unknown. Other Names: Ejercito Popular de Boricua (EPB), Boricua Popular Army. (Boricua refers to rural inland Puerto Ricans.) Sponsors: None known. Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Wage a terrorist war against "U.S. colonialist imperialism." * Create public support for creation of a separate Puerto Rican nation. Background The Macheteros are a tightly organized and extremely violent Puerto Rican separatist group that has targeted primarily U.S. military personnel and Puerto Rican police. The group has tight internal security procedures and precisely executes its attacks. The Macheteros appear to be fiercely dedicated to total Puerto Rican independence. Nothing short of that is likely to cause them to cease terrorist operations. The stated position of the group is that they have "declared war" on the United States. Direct ties of the Macheteros to other groups operating in Latin America have not been established. There is apparent cooperation with another Puerto Rican separatist group called the Organization of Volunteers for the Puerto Rican Revolution. The two have made joint claims following some attacks. The Macheteros probably also have links to the Armed Forces of National Liberation, a Puerto Rican separatist group that has conducted anti-U.S. attacks for over three decades. Robberies and thefts evidently provide a major source of funds. The Macheteros also may receive donations from ideological backers. Selected Incident Chronology August 1978 - Killed a policeman during a robbery. December 1979 - Killed two sailors in an attack on a U.S. Navy bus. March 1980 - Fired on a bus carrying three ROTC instructors from the University of Puerto Rico. January 1981 - Destroyed eight aircraft and damaged two others in a carefully executed multiple bombing attack on the Air National Guard airfield. Damage was estimated at $40 million. May 1982 - Killed one sailor and wounded three others in an ambush outside a San Juan nightclub. September 1983 - Robbed a Wells Fargo armored truck depot in Hartford, Connecticut. The $7.2 million heist was the second largest in U.S. history. October 1983 - Fired an antitank rocket into the new Federal Building in San Juan to protest U.S. rescue operations in Grenada. January 1985 - Fired an antitank rocket into the Federal Courthouse in San Juan. November 1985 - Shot and wounded a U.S. Army recruiting officer in an ambush while he was on his way to work. October 1986 - Placed some ten explosive devices at military and military-related facilities across the island. November 1986 - Placed a bomb at a National Guard building in old San Juan. December 1986 - Bombed a vehicle at the National Guard Center at Yauco. May 1992 - The leader of the macheteros was convicted in absentia of masterminding a $7.1 million robbery of an armored- car depot in 1983. Filiberto Ojeda Rios, 59, was convicted on charges including bank robbery and conspiracy. May 1992 - Filiberto Ojeda Rios was sentenced in absentia to 55 years. Terror Groups 17 Terror Groups 19 Terror Groups 33 Terror Groups 24 Terror Groups 42 Terror Groups 46 Terror Groups 27 Terror Groups 29 Terror Groups 5 Terror Groups 34 Terror Groups 43 Terror Groups 50 Terror Groups 15 Terror Groups 37 Terror Groups 39 Terror Groups 25 Terror Groups 8 Terror Groups 44 Terror Groups 1 Terror Groups 10 Terror Groups 18 Terror Groups 47 Terror Groups 49 Terror Groups 11 Terror Groups 35 Terror Groups 2 Terror Groups 6 Terror Groups 20 Terror Groups 28 Terror Groups 12 Terror Groups 16 Terror Groups 21 Terror Groups 22 Terror Groups 26 Terror Groups 3 Terror Groups 30 Terror Groups 38 Terror Groups 45 Terror Groups 13 Terror Groups 31 Terror Groups 23 Terror Groups 32 Terror Groups 36 Terror Groups 4 Terror Groups 40 Terror Groups 48 Terror Groups 7 Terror Groups 9 Terror Groups 14 Terror Groups 41 rror Groups 7 Terror Groups 9 World Factbook 1996 Edition Interface Image Notes Previous buttonClick TO HANDLE buttonClick --{Go buttonClick TO HANDLE buttonClick --{Go Print .'+ + Notes buttonClick buttonClick 1440,1440,1440,1440 360,360 printerScaling custom "Notes" 12000 printerSize printerLabelWidth .'+ + Notes idNumber of this page = buttonClick buttonClick 1440,1440,1440,1440 360,360 printerScaling custom "Notes" 12000 printerSize printerLabelWidth cid = = " &